Cover crop (CC) prevalence between cash crop systems is contributing to long-term sustainable crop production systems. However, herbicide residue impact on CC root growth and its subsequent effect on soil aggregation and fertility are unknown. An untreated control plus preemergence (PRE) application of saflufenacil (at 67 and 134 g a.i. ha^-1)/dimethenamid-P (at 668 and 1336 g a.i. ha^-1) as well as S-metolachlor (at 1600 and 3200 g a.i. ha^-1)/atrazine (at 1280 and 2560 g a.i. ha^-1) + mesotrione at 140 and 280 g a.i. ha^-1 to sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) and imazethapyr (100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1) to pea (Pisum sativum L.) were made in spring 2011 and spring 2012. One year later, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), sorghum–sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × S. bicolor var. sudanese (L.)], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were seeded. Root biomass and N content, wet aggregate stability (WAS), and aggregate size plus soil mineral N (SMN) were determined. Buckwheat root biomass declined in all herbicide treatments but root N declined in imazethapyr and S-metolachlor/atrazine + mesotrione at the 2× and 1× rates, respectively. Ryegrass root biomass decreased in S-metolachlor/atrazine + mesotrione but root N content declined only at the 2× rate. Sorghum–sudangrass and spring wheat roots decreased in imazethapyr and S-metolachlor/atrazine + mesotrione at the 2× rate, respectively. Despite the impact of herbicide residues on roots, differences in aggregate size, WAS, and SMN were not detected. Findings from this study add knowledge on herbicide residue effect on CC root growth and provide useful CC seeding guidelines for growers.

Two related species of Hedera spp. exist throughout Canada: English Ivy (Hedera helix L.) and Irish Ivy [Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean]. These species are difficult to distinguish taxonomically and clear distinctions are not always made in the literature, so we largely discuss them as a single taxon in this account. Ivy is an evergreen perennial with two distinct forms: woody vine (juvenile form) or shrub (adult form). In Canada, Hedera spp. are found naturalized along the southern coast of British Columbia (Vancouver, Vancouver Island, and the Gulf Islands) and in southwestern Ontario. During the past century, ivies have greatly expanded their ranges along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America and in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Hawaii. Ivy is physiologically plastic, invading both semi-open and deeply shaded forests. It forms a dense ground cover that can inhibit native vegetation. It grows up on tree trunks and competes for soil nutrients, frequently leading to tree damage or even tree fall. Invasive characteristics include its evergreen habit, persistence, and vegetative reproductive capabilities. Humans have accelerated the spread of ivy by planting it along highway embankments and medians to control soil erosion and through widespread sale as an ornamental plant. There is debate among horticulturalists and ecologists over the destructive and advantageous effects of ivy growth and sale within North America. Various methods of control (chemical, manual, biological, and integrated) may be used to manage this species, but more research is needed to design better control techniques.

WRKY transcription factors are involved in stress responses in plants; however, their roles in abiotic stresses are still not well known in Malus plants. In the present study, a WRKY gene was isolated from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh and designated as MbWRKY1. Subcellular localization revealed that MbWRKY1 was localized in the nucleus. The expression levels of MbWRKY1 were up-regulated by dehydration, salinity, and ABA treatments in M. baccata seedlings. When MbWRKY1 was introduced into tobacco, it improved drought stress tolerance in transgenic plants. Under the drought treatment, transgenic plants had higher contents of chlorophyll, proline, relative water, AsA, and GSH than wild-type (WT) plants. Compared with WT plants, the overexpression of MbWRKY1 in transgenic tobacco also led to decreased levels of H₂O₂, MDA, and elecrolyte leakage when dealing with drought stress. There were increased activities of POD, CAT, SOD, and APX in transgenic tobaccos, especially when dealing with drought treatment. Moreover, the MbWRKY1 transgenic plants enhanced the expressions of oxidative stress response (NtPOD, NtCAT, NtSOD, and NtAPX) and stress-related genes (NtP5CS and NtLEA5) when dealing with drought stress. These results suggest that the MbWRKY1 gene plays a positive regulatory role in drought stress response.

Plant DNA methylation is one of the frequent epigenetic variations induced by tissue culture. Global DNA methylation was evaluated in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) wild clone QB9C and cultivar Fundy propagated by conventional softwood cutting (SC) and tissue culture (TC) using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique. In all, 106 and 107 DNA fragments were amplified using 16 selective primer combinations in SC plants of QB9C and Fundy, respectively. In micropropagated QB9C and Fundy plants, there were 105 and 109 amplified fragments, respectively. Overall, 25% of restriction sites were methylated at the cytosine nucleotide in QB9C plants propagated by SC compared with 19% in Fundy. In contrast, a total of 29% and 20% of restriction sites were methylated at cytosine in micropropagated QB9C and Fundy plants, respectively. Tissue culture plants demonstrated higher methylation events than SC plants in both genotypes. Previously, methylation polymorphism has been detected in TC plants but not in SC counterparts. Different patterns of DNA methylation and polymorphism in the plants propagated in in vitro and in vivo conditions suggest the possibility of involvement of these fragments in the processes of regulating plant growth and development under prevailing growth conditions.

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important enzyme for protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum. The PDI gene family has been systematically studied in Arabidopsis, barley, rice, and bread wheat; however, little is known about this gene family and their roles during fruit development and ripening in fruit trees. In this study, 63 PDI genes were isolated from 8 fruit trees. Phylogenetic trees showed that these genes were clustered into six different groups, designated as A to F. In the groups, the PDI genes had significant differences in gene structure and conserved regions. The chromosome location of each PDI gene was determined in complete genome-assembly fruit trees and the synteny of chromosome segments was detected among peach, pear, and strawberry. Expression profiles of PDI genes in peach, pear, and strawberry showed that nearly all genes in group D and E were more highly expressed in developmental and ripening fruit tissues than those in other groups, while all genes in group A and B presented the lowest levels of expression in fruits of each stage. Moreover, qRT-PCR analyses revealed that these expressed genes were stable expressed in pear and peach fruits, as well as the reported reference genes. Eventually, PbPDI.F1 presented the highest expression stability in pear fruit while PpPDI.F displayed stronger stability than other genes in peach fruit. Thus, these two genes, which were clustered in group F, are good reference genes for gene expression studies during fruit development and ripening.

A major production constraint of lilies is gray mold caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis elliptica. The molecular basis of lily plant resistance to B. elliptica remains largely unexplored. To systematically dissect transcriptomic responses, we constructed four RNA-seq libraries from the leaves of Lilium regale, a promising Chinese wild Lilium species, after B. elliptica infection for 0, 4, 12, or 24 h. The sequence reads were assembled into 96 416 unigenes, of which 7697 were differentially expressed. Profiling analysis revealed changes in gene expression, including 2261 downregulated genes and 3599 upregulated genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 39 defense-related unigenes confirmed that the transcriptional changes of these genes presented in the RNA-seq data were predominately affected by B. elliptica infection. Key B. elliptica modulated genes played roles in defense responses mediated by phytohormones involved in jasmonate signaling, whereas salicylic acid and ethylene were not involved. Among transcription factors, some WRKYs, MYB, and ethylene responsive factor were clearly upregulated. Additionally, a group of genes encoding known important defense-related proteins, such as receptor-like kinases, antioxidant enzymes, polyphenol oxidase, pathogenesis-related proteins, and proteins associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism, exhibited high transcript abundances. Furthermore, the expressions of selected candidate genes were induced more rapidly and strongly in the resistant genotype than in the susceptible genotype. Taken together, the results provide a better understanding of the defense responses involved in the crosstalk between the lily and B. elliptica and a valuable set of sequence data for gray mold resistant candidate gene discovery.

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is an economically important crop grown for its edible roots and leaves. It is a self-incompatible, outcrossing species, making the production of homozygous lines and the development of breeding populations difficult. However, this can be overcome with haploids production techniques using isolated microspores, providing the rapid production of homozygous lines for breeding. Thus, it would be useful to identify radishes with a high regeneration rate from microspore culture. In the current study, 96 radish cultivars or germplasms were evaluated for high regeneration rates. Also, a single-marker analysis (SMA) was applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially associated with this trait using genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. The regeneration rate from microspore culture of 96 lines showed a wide range, from 0% to 269.5%. From the SMA, 52 markers were detected at a p value of 0.001 and a total of 11 physically nearby genes with high levels of similarity in various species were identified as candidates for high regeneration rates. This result could be used for clarifying the genetic basis underlying these traits and developing molecular markers associated with regeneration rates and would be beneficial for generating homozygous inbred lines.

The trade-off between crop production and weed control is a fundamental scientific issue, as it is frequently influenced by individual crop competitive ability, population density, and planting pattern. A 2 yr field study was conducted to examine the relationship between planting density and row spacing, using two contrasting oat varieties. On average, high planting density (480 plants m^-2) reduced weed biomass at oat maturity by 59% in 2012 and by 56% in 2013, when compared with a low density (120 plants m^-2). The droopy-leaf variety suppressed weed biomass by up to 69% and weed density up to 72%, compared with the erect-leaf variety. In a drier year, the greatest grain yield was achieved with the droopy-leaf variety under the intermediate density, while in 2013, the erect-leaf variety under the high density had similar yield to the droopy-leaf variety at the intermediate density. A general trend was that increasing plant density suppressed weed infestation, and promoted crop biomass and yield. The droopy-leaf variety exhibited a strong competitive ability under the intermediate planting density, while the erect-leaf variety had a strong competitive ability under the high density. Taken together, there was a complex variety-by-environment interaction to achieve the balance between crop production and weed suppression, which was mediated by growing-season conditions.

With the increasing resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to herbicides, there is a need to evaluate the potential of alternative cropping systems based on integrated weed management principles. A 5-yr field study at eight sites across Canada was used to evaluate the profitability of alternative cropping systems that have the potential to control wild oat using cultural practices in conjunction with herbicides. Cultural practices included twice the recommended seeding rates, fall-seeded winter crops, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage, fallow, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Seven of the 14 cropping systems in this study did not include wild oat herbicide for three consecutive years, controlling wild oat entirely by cultural practices. Cropping system profitability varied by location. For many locations, combinations of barley silage and fall-seeded winter crops without wild oat herbicide application were as profitable as a system of canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with wild oat herbicide applied every year. Unprofitable systems generally included those with fallow, alfalfa, and fall-seeded winter crops in regions with rates of high winter kill. Wild oat control can be achieved with diverse cropping systems that are as profitable as conventional annual cropping that relies on herbicide control of wild oat.

In sorghum, male sterility has been induced mainly using mechanical and genetic means with minimal use of chemical methods. Mechanical sterility induction is limited to producing small quantities of seed and genetic male sterility is limited to specific germplasm. An effective chemical hybridizing agent could be used to produce large amounts of seed and would not be limited by genotypes. The chemical trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA) was evaluated as a male gametocide in sorghum. In greenhouse conditions, TFMSA induced varying degrees of male sterility contingent on the dosage, timing of application, and sorghum genotype. If applied at or after the flag leaf emergence, panicles were male fertile but male sterile when applied at least 2 d before the flag leaf emerged. In terms of dosage, 2 mg of TFMSA rendered a BTx623 male sterile if applied 2–6 d prior to flag leaf emergence. However, 30 mg of TFMSA applied as much as 34 d before the flag leaf emerged also induced complete sterility of the panicle. There may be a genotypic effect as less TFMSA was necessary to induce complete male sterility in BTx623 than in BTxArg-1. No phytotoxic effects or reductions in female fertility were observed in dosages of TFMSA up to 40 mg. Germination of hybrid seed made on treated plants was equal to that of the parents and the hybrid seedlings were phenotypically normal. The results indicate that male sterility can be induced effectively in sorghum using TFMSA at appropriate dosages and application timings.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most popular forage legume crops worldwide. Its cultivation in the boreal and sub-boreal zone is restricted by inadequate winter hardiness, but global warming may increase its adaptability in these latitudes. Here, we examined variation in growth and freezing tolerance of four alfalfa cultivars recommended for the northern temperate climates of Europe (Alexis, Lavo, Live, and Nexus) and two cultivars with adaptation to milder or Mediterranean climates (Rangelander and Hunter River). Two experiments under controlled conditions (growth cessation and cold acclimation experiments) along with a 2-yr field experiment were conducted. Lavo was the most freezing-tolerant cultivar in both the cold acclimation and field experiments. Both Rangelander and Hunter River showed poor freezing tolerance. Lavo responded to decreasing temperatures, unlike the response to shorter day length, by allocating biomass to the roots. In general, better freezing tolerance was associated with high total nonstructural carbohydrate and low starch content. The field experiment results revealed that the more freezing-tolerant cultivars may have some advantages regarding yield, especially in the second year, but the differences between the cultivars were modest.

Race-specific molecular markers were established to distinguish Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) race 3, the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers. The available genome sequences of Xcc races were aligned and identified three DNA fragments specific to Xcc race 3. The identified race-specific DNA fragments namely XccR3-49, XccR3-52, and XccR3-55 were used for designing the race-specific primers to detect and identify Xcc race 3. The specificity of race-specific primers was tested against the genomic DNA extracted from Xcc (races 1–7), Xcc strains, Xc pathovars, and other bacterial species. XccR3-49, a specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primer set, gave a single band with 867 bp length for Xcc race 3 only. The remaining two markers XccR3-52 and XccR3-55 showed polymorphic amplification with amplicon sizes of 1889 and 2109 bp for Xcc race 3, respectively. Additionally, the SCAR primer set detected Xcc race 3 rapidly and efficiently in artificially infected cabbage leaves with bio-PCR. This result showed that the newly developed race-specific markers can successfully and efficiently detect and identify Xcc race 3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races, Xanthomonas species/pathovars, as well as other plant pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). Up to now, this is the first report describing the race-specific marker for the detection of Xcc race 3.

This study evaluated the influence of several factors and their interactive effects on the propagation success of stem cuttings of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.). Factors included (i) leaf number (two or three), (ii) leaf tip removal (one-third of leaf tips removed), (iii) basal/apical position of stem cutting on the stock plant, and (iv) rooting hormone [0.2% indole-3-butyric (IBA) acid gel or 0.2% willow (Salix alba L.) extract gel]. Cuttings were placed in a growth chamber for twelve days and then assessed on their rooting success rate and root quality using a relative root quality scale. The IBA gel delivered a 2.1× higher rooting success rate and 1.6× higher root quality than the willow extract. Removing leaf tips reduced rooting success rate from 71% to 53% without influencing root quality. Cuttings with three leaves had 15% higher root quality compared with those with two, but leaf number did not influence rooting success rate. Position of cutting had little effect on rooting success or quality. To achieve maximum rooting success and root quality, cuttings from either apical or basal positions should have at least three fully expanded uncut leaves and the tested IBA rooting hormone is preferred to the willow-based product.

Aspen forest communities of Saskatchewan, Canada, support a significant cattle population. The objectives of this study were to determine seasonal forage dry matter (DM) accumulation and evaluate repeated annual defoliation on DM yield (DMY) of aspen ricegrass (Oryzopsis asperifolia) and cream-coloured vetchling (Lathyrus ochroleucus) in the boreal transition ecoregion of east–central Saskatchewan. The experimental design was a randomized completed block with five replicates. Seasonal DMY of aspen ricegrass (p < 0.0001) was lowest in June, intermediate in July, and highest in August to October, with DMY ranging from 2.9–15.3 g m^-2. Cream-coloured vetchling (p < 0.0001) had the highest DMY in July and August (5.5, 4.8 g m^-2) than other months (1.2–2.3 g m^-2). Single repeated defoliation, regardless of clipping date, reduced (P = 0.0098) the overall production of aspen ricegrass (Oryzopsis asperifolia) and cream-coloured vetchling (Lathyrus ochroleucus) in this study.

Local economic, logistic, soil, and weather conditions have made appropriate rotations vary from one area to another. Seed yield and fertilizer use in rotations were compared with continuous cropping for 6 yr in the southeast Peace region of Alberta, Canada. Canola (C) (Brassica napus L.), wheat (W) (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (P) (Pisum sativum L.), barley (B) (Hordeum vulgare L.), and flax (F) (Linum usitatissimum L.) were grown in 12 treatments [i.e., continuous canola (CC) and wheat (WW) and rotations of W–C, P–W–W, C–W–W, C–C–W, P–C–W, C–P–W, W–B–C, B–W–C, F–W–C, and F–C–W]. Canola yield increased with 1 or 2 yr breaks from canola. Within rotations, there was a trend to lower canola yield on canola stubble compared with other crop stubbles. Wheat yield was generally lower in WW than in rotations. Among rotations, wheat yield tended to be greater on pea stubble compared with canola, wheat, barley, and flax stubbles. Averaged over 2010–2015, the canola yield benefit from rotations was 0.632 Mg ha^-1 (19.4%) over CC and the wheat yield benefit from rotations was 0.313 Mg ha^-1 (7.2%) over WW. Nitrogen saving was observed when pea was included in rotation.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in the downstream steps of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in plants. However, the gene(s) encoding this enzyme have not been isolated from apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) yet. We isolated a gene encoding GST from leaves of the red-fleshed apple variety ‘Royalty’ by full cDNA library sequencing and the 3′ rapid-amplification of cDNA ends method, and designated it MdGST1. In total, seven different MdGST1 transcripts were found. These had three different untranslated but identical protein-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MdGST1 is a TT19-type GST, which is involved in anthocyanin transport. qRT-PCR analyses showed that the transcript level of MdGST1 was much higher in red leaves than in bagged or green leaves. When MdGST1 was introduced into a non-pigmented mutant of Arabidopsis, the transformants showed a visible purple phenotype in leaves and stems. Our results suggest that MdGST1 plays a role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This information will help to improve the understanding of the mechanism of apple coloration.

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is usually considered to be poor at biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), but large variations in this trait have been observed among bean genotypes. We evaluated 16 bean genotypes for N₂ fixation ability in four N treatments: (i) uninoculated in low-N soil (30 kg N ha^-1), (ii) inoculated with commercial Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli inoculant Nitrastik-D^® in low-N soil, (iii) inoculated with commercial R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli inoculant Nodulator^® in low-N soil, and (iv) uninoculated in high-N soil (100 kg N ha^-1). There were differences between genotypes in all the plant parameters that were measured, but only nodulation was affected by N treatment. The 100 kg N ha^-1 treatment suppressed nodulation. Seven genotypes nodulated well with either inoculant, two genotypes nodulated better with Nitrastik-D than with Nodulator, three nodulated better with Nodulator than with Nitrastik-D, and four nodulated poorly with either inoculant. Cultivars AC Redbond, Island, and Resolute, all currently commercially grown, did not fix much N₂ at flowering (4–8 kg N ha^-1) or maturity (19–34 kg N ha^-1). By contrast, germplasm lines PI 136692 (red bean), GH-196 (pinto bean), and LEF2RB (carioca bean) had high BNF capability at flowering (10–11 kg N ha^-1) and especially at maturity (60–72 kg N ha^-1), in addition to high seed yield (2778–2897 kg ha^-1), indicating their superior ability to support both of these economically important traits throughout plant growth. These three genotypes would be valuable to breeders for the genetic improvement of BNF in dry bean cultivars.

A study consisting of four field experiments was conducted over a 2-yr period (2016, 2017) near Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, to compare the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red, and white beans to four Group 15 herbicides including pethoxamid (1200 and 2400 g a.i. ha^-1), S-metolachlor (1600 and 3200 g a.i. ha^-1), dimethenamid-P (693 and 1386 g a.i. ha^-1), and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1) applied preplant incorporated (PPI). At 1 wk after emergence (WAE), pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone caused as much as 22%, 17%, 38%, and 15% adzuki bean injury, respectively. The injury decreased with time; at 8 WAE, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone applied PPI caused as much as 3%, 4%, 12%, and 7% adzuki bean injury, respectively. The injury was lower in other market classes of dry bean. At 1, 2, and 4 WAE, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone caused as much as 4%, 2%, 4%, and 14% injury in kidney bean, 3%, 2%, 4%, and 12% injury in small red bean, and 5%, 3%, 6%, and 13% injury in white bean, respectively. However, the injury at 8 WAE was 5% or less in kidney, small red, and white beans with all Group 15 herbicides evaluated. Based on this research, pyroxasulfone was the most injurious to dry beans, it reduced plant height as much as 15% and seed yield as much as 17%. The Group 15 herbicides evaluated were more injurious to adzuki bean than kidney, small red, or white beans.

Genetic hitchhiking methods used to uncover selection signatures related to traits of agronomic importance in crops have primarily been used at the level of domestication by comparing groups of wild germplasm to landraces or elite breeding lines. In this study, two groups of cultivars defined by an elite Canadian soybean cultivar, ‘OAC Bayfield’, were compared to identify selection signatures related to long-term breeding within a specific region. Cultivars were assigned to either a pre- or post-OAC Bayfield group. Of the 162 simple sequence repeat markers used to genotype members of the pedigree, 14 were fixed and 19 exhibited a selective signature. An in silico analysis compared the results in this study to quantitative trait loci (QTL) reported in SoyBase and showed that 18 out of the 19 markers with a selective signature were associated with at least one QTL. From the 80 QTL associated with the 18 markers, half were related to plant architecture, yield, or maturity. In addition, the number and type of QTL associated with the fixed versus selected loci differed, particularly for yield. Genomic regions exhibiting a selection signature may contain important loci that either need to be conserved for agronomic performance or be targeted for introgressive breeding and germplasm enrichment.

Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important crop in the Northern Great Plains of the USA and Canada. Information on dry pea quality as affected by cultivars and environments is limited. This experiment determined the effects of dry pea cultivars and environments on protein, starch, and ash concentrations. Six dry pea cultivars (‘Arcadia’, ‘Bridger’, ‘CDC Striker’, ‘Cruiser’, ‘Montech 4152’, and ‘SW Midas’) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 22 environments. The results showed that cultivar × environment interaction effects were highly significant on protein, starch, and ash concentration (p < 0.0001). These interaction means, calculated on a dry matter basis, ranged from 145 to 278 g kg^-1 seed for protein, 439 to 617 g kg^-1 seed for starch, and 10.5 to 31.9 g kg^-1 seed for ash. The differences among environmental means were substantial compared with cultivar means. When averaged over environments, ‘CDC Striker’, ‘Arcadia’, and ‘Montech 4152’ produced greater mean protein, starch, and ash concentrations, respectively, than the other cultivars. None of these cultivars simultaneously outperformed the others for protein, starch, and ash concentrations. This may indicate the need to develop cultivars with outstanding qualities across environments to receive satisfy premium end-user quality requirements.

For corn grown on two light-textured soils, leaf P and N concentrations at the six-leaf stage represented their respective concentrations in shoots. At the seven/eight-leaf stage, the P concentration was higher in leaves than in shoots. Biomass at the seven/eight-leaf stage is linked to the N to P ratio in leaves and shoots at the six-leaf stage.

AAC Goldman is a hulled, two-row, spring, malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar widely adapted to western Canada. It was developed from the cross TR04282/Newdale made in 2002 and was evaluated in the Western Cooperative Two-row Barley Registration Test (2010–2011) as well as the Collaborative Malting Barley Trials (2011–2012) conducted by the malting and brewing industry before being registered in 2018. AAC Goldman has a desirable combination of agronomic, malting quality, and disease resistance traits including low deoxynivalenol content.

CO463 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability with both Iodent and stiff stalk inbred testers, as well as intermediate resistance to common rust, eyespot, common smut, and Fusarium stalk rot.