Fissurina hemithecioides from Vietnam is described for the first time. The new taxon is characterized by prominent ascomata with swollen labia, 2-3-spored asci, rather large, muriform, I- to weakly amyloid ascospores and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome. In addition, records of the genera Carbacanthographis, Chapsa, Graphis, Pallidogramme, Phaeographis and Thecographa are listed, including important diagnostic characteristics of species along with distribution, ecology and illustrations.

This study is based on finding a representative pattern of interactions between old-growth forest attributes and lichen species abundances. The field activities were performed within Ceahlău National Park, Neamţ County, North-Eastern Romania. In total 38 sampling units of 10 by 10 m were randomly selected, within these all phorophytes with circumferences that exceed 70 cm were selected. On each phorophyte, a frame of 20 by 20 cm was randomly fixed and all lichen specimens included were sampled. Relationships between macrovariables, microvariables and response variables were tested using the Kendall rank order correlation coefficient. To explain the influence of macrovariables and microvariables on response variables, polynomial regression was used.The results indicated that lichen species abundances are significantly influenced by macrovariables such as herb coverage, altitude, slope, multilayered canopies and host phorophyte diversity.With regard to the microvariables, the aspect, rhytidome crevice depth and circumferences of host phorophytes have a significant influence on lichen species abundances. The output of the regression analysis highlighted significant relationships among macrovariables and lichen species abundances. The multilayered canopies and host phorophytes diversity are of interest as predictors which explain lichen species diversity. Of all microvariables, only the rhytidome crevice depth plays an important role as a predictor of lichen species abundances. The main conclusion is based on the identification of the old-growth forest attributes which significantly affect the lichen species abundances and uses them to predict the conservation level of forests of Ceahlău National Park.

Jahnoporus hirtus is an old-growth forests inhabiting polypore distributed widely in the northern hemisphere. Our morphological, ecological and DNA data confirm that at least three closely related species exist under that name. Jahnoporus hirtus in the strict sense is distributed in old mountain forests of Central Europe and North America, and it inhabits many conifer substrates. Jahnoporus brachiatus sp. nov. is an East Asian species, found in the secondary lowland forest. Its close relative, the East Asian J. oreinus sp. nov. is a strong indicator of pristine spruce forests in highlands.

We are studying dothideomycetes with muriform ascospores and in this paper provide an account of those species in Amniculicolaceae. In this family muriform ascospores are only known in the genus Murispora. In this paper we introduce the new species M. fagicola (on dead branches of Fagus sylvatica), M. galii (on dead twigs of Galium sp.), M. cardui (on dead twigs of Carduus sp.), M. medicaginicola (on dead twigs of Medicago sp), M. cicognanii (on dead branches of Clematis sp.) and M. hawksworthii (on dead twigs of an unknown woody plant), collected from Italy and the UK. Descriptions, illustrations and justifications for the novelty are provided for each taxon. Morphological character differences and analysis of combined LSU, SSU and EF1-α sequence datasets support the validity of the new species and their placement in Murispora in Amniculicolaceae. The asexual morph of M. hawksworthii was established from single ascospore isolates.

Phylloporia flabelliforma sp. nov. and Phylloporia gabonensis sp. nov. are described on the basis of specimens originating from the western edge of the lower Guineo- Congolian rainforest, in Gabon. Both species form seasonal, gregarious and sessile basidiomata, with spathulate to flabelliform pilei, emerging in dense clusters at the lower part of living trunks of Dichostemma glaucescens and Anthostema aubryanum, two smallstemmed Euphorbiaceae from the understorey compartment. Both taxa have a pileus surface in a grayish orange tone when fresh, 5–6 irregular pores/mm and a homogeneous, pale corkcolored context, briefly discoloring to reddish or reddish brown in 3% alkali. The hyphal system is monomitic and the basidiospores are ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid in both species. Phylloporia flabelliforma is specifically characterized by thin pilei, ≤ 1.5 mm at the thickest, with a shiny surface and a thin, and regular white margin. Phylloporia gabonensis has thicker pilei with a dull surface and a lobed, incised margin. Phylogenetic inferences using DNA sequence data from partial nuc 28S (region including the D1/D2/D3 domains) resolved these two species as two distinct but closely related sister clades within the Phylloporia lineage. Phylogenetic inferences using DNA sequence data from the ITS regions confirmed the results obtained from the nuc 28S. These two species are compared to P. fulva and P. inonotoides, both occurring in the same phytochorion in Gabon. They are also compared to Inonotus pusillus and I. dentatus, two species known only from the Neotropics.

Aquapteridospora lignicola gen. et sp. nov. was found on wood submerged in a freshwater stream in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequence data placed the isolate in Diaporthomycetidae, genera incertae sedis. Aquapteridospora is a hyphomycete with polyblastic conidiogenous cells with several sympodial proliferations, bearing tiny, protuberant, circular scars and fusiform conidia, with pale to dark brown central cells and subhyaline end cells, sometimes with a conspicuous sheath. Aquapteridospora is compared to Pleurophragmium and Minimelanolocus which share some similar characters. A new genus and species is introduced to accommodate this new lineage with notes on its taxonomy and phylogeny.

The aim of this study was to explore the systematic position of the fungi associated with the roots of M. uniflora in two localities of Tlaxcala, Mexico, using a phylogenetic approach. Thirty plants were sampled, fifteen from a coniferous forest dominated by Abies religiosa in La Malinche National Park, and fifteen from a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii in Sierra de Tlaxco. Our ITS analysis confirms the preference of M. uniflora to associate with Russulaceae, in particularly with Russula species. The roots of each plant were associated with a single fungal ITS sequence. They were analyzed phylogenetically by maximum likelihood, and were recovered in 12 moderate to well-supported clades within the genus Russula. In each of these clades only a single Russula species was associated with Monotropa in Mexico, except for clade Integrae for which two Mexican species were retrieved. A total of 13 Russula species were retrieved from the 30 Monotropa plants, four from La Malinche National Park, and 11 from Sierra de Tlaxco. Two species, R. aff. olivobrunnea and one unidentified species in subsection Lactarioideae, were shared among both localities. The Monotropa in the Abies forest of La Malinche National Park were dominated by a single species, R. aff. olivobrunnea, present in 11 of the 15 plants. In the Pseudotsuga forest of Sierra de Tlaxco, Monotropa was associated with a higher diversity of Russula, eleven species in total, seven of which were associated with a single plant, while the four other Russula had each been retrieved from two plants. Higher diversity of ectomycorrhizal host trees in the Sierra de Tlaxco site might possibly explain the higher richness of fungal associates as suggested by host association patterns of the involved species groups. This study brings the total number of Russula species that associate with Monotropa to forty-four. In the distribution area of Monotropoideae, nearly all terminal Russula clades (i.e. subsection level) that are involved in this mycoheterotroph association, equally harbor species that associate with mycoheterotroph orchids, whereas gasteromycetation appears to have exclusively evolved in clades that also harbor species developing mycoheterotroph associations.