The paper presents 19 identified species of aphid parasitoids belonging to eight genera in the high altitudes of Central and South America, along with seven unidentified species. Faunal analysis indicates that most of the lowland areas are inhabited by a set of pan-tropical, cosmopolitan, and Nearctic parasitoid aphid associations, whereas the higher altitudes of Central and northern South America are characterized by a mix of trans-zonal species and a rather specific fauna. The Nothofagus — aphid — parasitoid associations are endemic and distributed from the high Andes down to western Patagonia.

Setabara Ross includes three species: S. histrionica (MacGillivray, 1909) from northern America, S. clypeiambus Saini & Ahmad, 2013 from northeastern India, S. sinica Wei & Niu sp. nov. from Zhejiang, China. The genus is redescribed based on new material. A key to species is presented.

The scales that are external morphological characters in Brachypera Capiomont, 1868 and Hypera Germar, 1817 (Curculionidae: Hyperinae) were examined using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dried museum materials were used in this study. After softening the materials, abdomens were removed to reach elytra. Similarities and differences among the species are discussed. Although the scales look alike under the light microscope, they showed a rather different pattern with SEM. The fine structure of scales was shown to be useful for comparing species.

Four lice species (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae, Menoponidae) were collected from three woodpecker species (Aves: Picidae) in central and southern Chile. We collected Penenirmus campephili Eichler and Menacanthus campephili Price & Emerson from Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus, King); Menacanthus pici (Denny) and Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) from the Chilean flicker (Colaptes pitius Molina) and M. pici as a parasite from a Striped woodpecker (Veniliornis lignarius Molina). The species P. auritus and M. campephili are new lice records for Chile. The description of both P. auritus and M. pici parasitizing the Chilean flicker and Striped woodpecker respectively, are new host-parasite associations.

A total of 17 species were recorded from West-Anatolia (Aydın, Balıkesir, Bursa and Manisa); Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius, 1793) and Araniella proxima (Kulczyn'ski, 1885) are new for the territory of Turkey. The two species are diagnosed, illustrated and described.

This study analyzes the intraspecific variations in the morphology of Odontodes aleuca Guenée, a complex noctuid species distributed in the Oriental region. This variation is explicit in the forewing coloring patterns. It was observed that the specimens fall under five forewing pattern groups. Despite these remarkable differences in wing pattern, no variation could be observed in their male and female genitalia.

One new species is added to the genus Arapona DeLong. This species Arapona egeri is from French Guiana.