Climate change impact analyses have focused mostly on natural distributions of plants and have generally ignored their intrinsic climatic adaptability. This may produce unreliable predictions of impacts. Eucalypts are potentially instructive for climate change studies, as many species have been assessed in commercial forestry trials outside the conditions of their natural distributions. However, rare eucalypt species, which usually have limited natural distributions, and are likely to be most susceptible to climate change, are often small or multi-stemmed species, which have generally not been included in commercial trials. This study used information for 12 rare eucalypt species from the PlantSearch database of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and assessed if this information can assist determining their climatic adaptability. The results should be treated with caution, but indicate that most of the 12 species are growing at some botanic gardens under annual mean temperature conditions that are warmer than where they occur naturally.

Human activities, including international trade and travel, certain forest management policies and practices, and actions that contribute to global climate change, can create conditions favourable for development of forest insect outbreaks. International trade and travel provides numerous opportunities for insects to expand their ranges and become damaging in new locations. Forest management actions leading to fire exclusion can change the character of forests in fire prone ecosystems and increase their susceptibility to insect outbreaks and fires of increased severity. Establishment of plantations of exotic trees provides an abundance of host material for both introduced insects and indigenous species that can adapt to the new hosts. Special classifications, such as national parks and wilderness, which preclude timber harvesting or pest management, can, over time, result in large areas of mature/overmature forests, susceptible to outbreaks. Global climate change can lead to range expansions of forest insect pests accompanied by new host associations, occurrence of outbreaks in new locations, outbreaks of increased severity and of longer duration and changes in outbreak cycles.

The reform era around the turn of the century in Indonesia has been followed by a revitalization of local claims to political authority and natural resources on the basis of adat and indigeneity. In May of 2013, the Constitutional Court acknowledged indigenous ownership of forest territories and declassified them from State-owned forest zones without further conceptualizing the notion of indigeneity and its relation to land tenure and territorial conflicts. Drawing on a historical review of the adat discourse, this paper demonstrates how Dutch scholars during the colonial time have supported a definition of indigeneity based on territorialisation. Using a case study from the interior of Kalimantan, we provide evidence that privileging indigenous communities based on the notion of territoriality and prior occupation of the land, supported by a colonial definition of adat rights tends to exclude right-holders who do not necessarily fit clear territorial niches. This administrative practice of essentializing the social structuring of the landscape matches the requirements used in the context of REDD but ignores the fact that social and territorial boundaries of ethnic groups are permeable and dynamic due to social-political interactions which create contention and conflict especially in the context of the recent introduction of carbon rights and benefit sharing under the context of REDD .

The dynamics in livelihood needs of people at the fringes of tropical forests have increased the stakes and management challenges of biodiversity worldwide. Since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the importance of biodiversity has been emphasized in several international agreements. However, the incentives to implement such agreements in poor countries are lacking. The present study characterised the determinants of deforestation, and forest management practices within Mabira Forest Reserve (MFR) in central Uganda. This was done within the context of the evolution of the policy and legal frameworks of Uganda. Literature on MFR as well as the policy and legal framework on forests and related resources was reviewed. The results show that evolution of the forest policy was characterised by limited input from key stakeholders. Moreover, there has been political interference and limited sharing of benefits amid failure to harmonize the forestry policy with relevant policies of related sectors. Consequently, deforestation has continued. To address this anomaly, we encourage the involvement of all key stakeholders including local people in designing management guidelines and sharing benefits from forests as an incentive for participation to promote sustainable forest growth. This is crucial for the success of forest restoration programmes in the tropics.

Determinants of people's participation in community forestry activities in Tanahun district, Nepal were investigated through a survey of 304 households across ten community forest user groups, key informant interviews, and informal group discussions. Data were analysed through an ordered probit model as well as through the marginal effects of socio-economic factors on the probability of households' participation. Of the 12 variables considered in this study, only gender, caste, household size, livestock holding, network, and amount of firewood extraction proved statistically significant. In all household wealth categories, a moderate level of participation was by far the most common. Further, the results indicate that users participating more in community forestry activities have extracted higher amounts of firewood, fodder and timber although this relation was not statistically significant. Female headed and low caste households, however, participated significantly less than other household categories.

Les facteurs déterminants de la participation des individus dans les activités de la foresterie communautaire dans le district du Tanahun, au Népal, ont été l'objet d'une investigation à travers une étude auprès de 304 foyers dans dix groupes d'utilisateurs de la forêt communautaire. Les données ont été analysées à travers un modèle probit classé, ainsi qu'à travers les effets marginaux des facteurs socio-économiques sur la probabilité de la participation des foyers. Sur les 12 variables considérées dans cette étude, seuls le sexe, la caste, la taille du foyer, celle du bétail, le réseau et la quantité de bois de combustion extraite ont prouvé être significatifs statistiquement. Au travers de la diverse richesse des foyers, le facteur le plus commun était un niveau modéré de participation. De plus, les résultats indiquaient que les utilisateurs participant le plus aux activités de la foresterie communautaire extrayaient une quantité de bois de combustion, de fourrage et de bois de coupe plus importante, quoique cette relation n' était pas importante d'un point de vue statistique. Cependant, les foyers ayant une femme à leur tête, et ceux de caste inférieure participaient nettement moins que les autres catégories de foyers.

Se investigaron los determinantes de la participación popular en actividades forestales comunitarias en el distrito de Tanahun (Nepal) por medio de una encuesta a 304 hogares pertenecientes a diez grupos de usuarios de bosques comunitarios, entrevistas a informantes clave y grupos de discusión informales. Los datos se analizaron mediante un modelo probit ordenado, así como por medio de los efectos marginales de factores socioeconómicos en la probabilidad de participación de los hogares. De las 12 variables consideradas en este estudio, sólo el género, la casta, el tamaño del hogar, la explotación ganadera, la red y la cantidad de extracción de leña resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Lo más común para todas las categorías de riqueza de los hogares fue, de lejos, un nivel de participación moderado. Además, los resultados indican que los usuarios que más participan en las actividades forestales comunitarias son quienes han extraído mayores cantidades de leña, forraje y madera, aunque esta relación no se encontró estadísticamente significativa. Los hogares encabezados por mujeres y por personas de castas bajas, sin embargo, participaron significativamente menos que otras categorías de hogares.

This study proposes a more complete conceptualization of the social contributions of community forestry by employing the concept of citizenship. This conceptualization situates community forestry processes within the broader local development and institutional landscape, which promises a better understanding of community forestry's social contributions and role in local development. Looking at citizenship relations available with community forest user groups (CFUG) and local government in Nepal, this research shows that CFUGs offer a democracy refuge to citizens and valued services, yet that local government is perceived as more important. The comparison responds to debates on institutional pluralism, namely that the presence of multiple institutions appear not to ‘fragment' local representation or service provision. The study also discusses how socio-economic characteristics influence citizenship relations. This article brings to light questions on how local institutions serve citizens and what the future holds for community forestry institutions that have evolved far beyond the forest.

Cette étude utilise le concept de citoyenneté afin de proposer une conceptualisation plus exhaustive des contributions sociales de la foresterie communautaire. Cette conceptualisation situe les processus de foresterie communautaire dans un contexte global de développement local et institutionnel ; ceci permet une meilleure compréhension des contributions sociales de la foresterie communautaire et de son rôle dans le développement local. Cette recherche jette un coup d'oeil aux relations de citoyenneté des groupes de foresterie communautaire (GFC) ainsi que du gouvernement local au Nepal afin de démontrer qu'alors que les CFUGs offrent un refuge de démocratie et des services de valeur aux citoyens, le gouvernement local est souvent perçu comme plus important. La comparaison des CFUGs au gouvernement local répond aux débats sur le pluralisme institutionnel, à savoir que la présence de plusieurs instances institutionnelles ne semble pas « fragmenter » la représentation locale ou la prestation des services. Cette étude discute aussi de la manière dont les caractéristiques socio-économiques influencent les relations de citoyenneté. Cet article clarifie les questions sur la manière dont les institutions locales rendent service aux citoyens et sur le futur des institutions de foresterie communautaire qui ont évolué au-delà de la foresterie.

Este estudio propone una conceptualización más completa de las contribuciones sociales de la silvicultura comunitaria mediante el empleo del concepto de ciudadanía. Esta conceptualización sitúa los procesos forestales comunitarios dentro de un marco institucional y de desarrollo local más amplio, que promete una mejor comprensión de las contribuciones sociales de la silvicultura comunitaria y su papel en el desarrollo local. Mediante el examen de las relaciones de ciudadanía disponibles en los grupos de usuarios de bosques comunitarios (GUBC) y el gobierno local en Nepal, este estudio muestra que los GUBC ofrecen un refugio de democracia para los ciudadanos y servicios valiosos, pero que el gobierno local se percibe como más importante. La comparación responde a los debates sobre el pluralismo institucional, a saber, que la presencia de múltiples instituciones no parece ‘fragmentar' la representación local o la prestación de servicios. El estudio también debate cómo influyen las características socioeconómicas en las relaciones de ciudadanía. Este artículo pone de manifiesto interrogantes sobre cómo las instituciones locales sirven a los ciudadanos y lo que depara el futuro para las instituciones forestales comunitarias que han evolucionado mucho más allá de lo relacionado con el bosque.

Adoption of participatory forest management has initiated the trend of transfer of access, management and control of forest resources from government to committee based institutions. Hence, understanding the institutional arrangements that support implementation of co-management with local forest organisations (LFOs), is crucial for sustainable forest management. This study therefore, examined the potential and contribution of institutional arrangements to sustainable forest management under co-management arrangement in Mtakataka, Malawi. The results show that while co-management has created new multi-level local forest organisations in the communities, the potential of the organisations to contribute to sustainable forest management has been negatively affected by lack of appropriate power and legitimacy. There are clear and well defined boundaries for the forest resources and communities involved in co-management of the forest reserve. However, co-management is faced with issues such as low participation of community members, ineffective rule enforcement, inadequate human and financial resources, and conflict of forest use. Despite these issues, it is concluded that with improvement in the co-management program, the local forest organisations have potential to achieve sustainable management of forest resources. It is thus recommended that the LFOs should be encouraged to follow what was jointly agreed upon and documented in the management plans. The management plans should also be regularly evaluated and effectively monitored for sustainable management and use of the forest products.

L'adoption de la gestion forestière en participation a initié le courant du transfert de l'accès, de la gestion et du contrôle des ressources du gouvernement aux institutions basées sur des comités. La compréhension des arrangements institutionnels soutenant la mise en exécution d'une gestion partagée avec les organisations forestières locales est par conséquent cruciale pour aboutir à une gestion forestière durable. Cette étude a donc examiné le potentiel et la contribution des arrangements institutionnels à une gestion forestière durable dans la gestion partagée amorcée dans le Mtakataka, au Malawi. Nos résultats montrent que, bien que la gestion partagée ait créé de nouvelles organisations locales à plusieurs niveaux dans les communautés ; le potentiel qu'ont ces organisations de contribuer à une gestion forestière durable a été affecté négativement par une carence de pouvoir et de légitimité appropriés. Il existe des délimitations clairement définies pour les ressources forestières et les communautés engagées dans la gestion partagée de la réserve forestière. Toutefois, cette gestion partagée fait face à des questions telles que la faible participation des membres de la communauté, une veille à l'exécution des règles inefficaces, des ressources humaines et financières inadéquates et des conflits quant à l'utilisation de la forêt. Malgré ces questions, nous concluons que les organisations forestières locales peuvent potentiellement parvenir à une gestion durable des ressources forestières, si le programme de gestion partagée est amélioré. Il est ainsi recommandé que les organisations forestières locales soient encouragées à suivre ce qui a été accepté par tous les partis et documenté dans les plans de gestion. Ces derniers devraient également être évalués régulièrement et surveillés efficacement pour assurer une utilisation et une gestion durable des produits forestiers.

La aprobación del manejo forestal participativo ha iniciado la tendencia de la transferencia del acceso, la gestión y el control de los recursos forestales del gobierno a instituciones basadas en comités. La comprensión de las disposiciones institucionales que apoyan la implementación de la cogestión con Organizaciones Forestales Locales (OFL) es por este motivo crucial para la ordenación forestal sostenible. Este

Participatory forest management (PFM) has been considered a tool of forest conservation. Bonga forest has been under PFM project until 2010 with external support. Since 2010 PFM has continued without external support. This study aims to assess the progress of the PFM approach in improving forest condition and forest based livelihoods in Bonga National Forest Priority Area, Southwest Ethiopia. A combination of forest inventory and household surveys was employed to carry out the study. Vegetation data and socioeconomic data were collected from 53 plots and 141 households respectively. The results revealed that the regeneration of ecologically and economically important species under forest was not satisfactory. The relative forest dependency of non-PFM members is comparable and sometimes greater than PFM members. About 89% of the non-members had illegal access to the forest after the project ended. PFM has brought alienation of de facto forest use rights, and addressing forest condition and forest based livelihoods will necessitate a reconsideration of how PFM establishment is framed.

This paper investigates how sustainable forest management is addressed within the legal tools and the institutional framework in Portugal, and proposes a methodology for enhancing stakeholder participation in forest management. Portuguese forest policy is dealt with at the national level, incorporating the international and European guidelines. Based on a review of relevant policy documents and legislation, three key-principles towards sustainability were identified according to the national context: the prevention and mitigation of forest resources threats; the enhancement of the full value of forests; and the promotion of stakeholder participation in forest policy-making. The analysis demonstrated that most of the principles coming from the supra-national agenda are already included in the national forest policy. Nevertheless, stakeholder participation in forest policy-making in Portugal has been very limited. This is reflected in a poor implementation of forest policies, leading to the need for developing innovative participatory methodologies able to promote collaboration among all relevant stakeholders.