Case summary A 10-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of a 3-day history of increased inspiratory effort. The cat had received prednisolone 1 mg/kg PO q24h for 1 year due to chronic diarrhea. On physical examination, the patient exhibited severe stridor, intermittent open-mouth breathing and bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. Subcutaneous emphysema was palpated over the dorsal cervical region. Mild hypoventilation (PvCO2 55.1 mmHg; approximate reference interval 35–45 mmHg) was identified. Cervicothoracic radiographs showed marked gas tracking within cervical soft tissues with concurrent laryngeal thickening, pulmonary nodules, a bronchial pulmonary pattern, pneumomediastinum and aerophagia. The cat was hospitalized and treated overnight with oxygen and intravenous fluid therapy before anesthesia the next day. On laryngoscopy, a large tracheal mass was observed arising from the right subglottic region and was removed using biopsy forceps. CT revealed an additional mass at the level of the tracheal bifurcation causing marked luminal narrowing of the trachea and proximal main bronchi. The cat made a good initial recovery, although moderate stridor persisted. Five days later, the cat was re-examined due to recurrence of respiratory distress and orthopnea, and the owner elected euthanasia. Histopathology revealed severe nodular obstructive eosinophilic plasmacytic laryngotracheitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies positive for feline herpesvirus-1 on immunohistochemistry.
Relevance and novel information This report describes the presentation and management of a cat with respiratory distress secondary to intratracheal eosinophilic masses caused by feline herpesvirus-1. Although the outcome was ultimately unsatisfactory, to the authors’ knowledge, this clinical presentation has not been previously reported.
Introduction
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) enters via the oronasal route and replicates in the upper respiratory tract epithelium.1 Acute infection leads to oculonasal discharge, fever and tracheitis, which are followed by lifelong latent infection in approximately 80% of cases.2,3 Cats with latent infection can remain asymptomatic, develop recrudescence during times of stress or immunosuppression, or may develop chronic signs. Documentation of a direct relationship between the virus and many disease syndromes is hampered by the ubiquity of FHV-1 in the feline population and asymptomatic carriage, as well as widespread vaccination. However, chronic syndromes associated with histopathologic or molecular evidence of FHV-1 include non-healing corneal ulcers,4 dry eye,5 facial dermatitis,6,7 corneal sequestrum, eosinophilic keratitis8 and chronic rhinosinusitis.9 Lung involvement is rare in natural FHV-1 infection although fibrinonecrotic pneumonia has been reported.1,10–13 This report describes the novel presentation of a cat with respiratory distress secondary to intratracheal eosinophilic masses caused by FHV-1.
Case description
A 10-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented to the emergency service at the University of California Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for acute respiratory distress. The cat’s voice had changed in pitch 2–3 weeks previously and 2–3 episodes of coughing had been observed. The owners reported a 7-year history of intermittent upper respiratory tract signs that were non-responsive to doxycycline (Doxycycline; Cipla) or prednisolone (Prednisolone; Lloyd). Chronic diarrhea had been managed with a prescription diet (Gastrointestinal Biome; Hill’s) and prednisolone at a dose of 1 mg/kg PO q24h for the past year.
On physical examination, the cat’s rectal temperature was 99.6°F (37.6°C), heart rate was 190 bpm and respiratory rate was 30 bpm. There was moderate, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge with preservation of nasal airflow. The cat exhibited markedly increased inspiratory and expiratory effort, severe stridor and intermittent open-mouth breathing. Subcutaneous emphysema was palpated over the dorsal cervical region.
Supplemental oxygen was administered during placement of an intravenous catheter and butorphanol (Torbugesic; Zoetis) was given for sedation (0.2 mg/kg IV). Venous blood gas analysis revealed mild hypoventilation with a PvCO2 of 55.1 mmHg (approximate reference interval [RI] 35–45 mmHg). Cervicothoracic radiographs revealed marked gas tracking within cervical soft tissues, with concurrent pneumomediastinum and aerophagia (Figure 1). The laryngeal soft tissues were thickened, with convex margination. Multilobar, ventrally distributed bronchocentric soft-tissue nodules containing dystrophic mineralization and a diffuse bronchial pattern were also observed (Figure 2). The cat was hospitalized overnight on oxygen and intravenous fluid therapy.
Figure 1
Right lateral radiograph showing marked gas tracking within the cervical soft tissues (black arrowheads), most severe surrounding the pharynx/larynx, with subjective thickening of the laryngeal soft tissues (black asterisk)
Figure 2
Right lateral radiograph showing pneumomediastinum and multilobar, ventrally distributed bronchocentric soft tissue nodules (black arrowhead) containing dystrophic mineralization. There is a soft tissue opacity at the heart base (black asterisk), correlating to the tracheal mass identified on CT. The white asterisk identifies esophageal dilation suggestive of aerophagia. The black dagger correlates to the axillary/caudal mediastinal mass identified on CT
The next morning, the cat remained stridorous but with improved inspiratory effort and reduced subcutaneous emphysema. A complete blood count and serum biochemistry were unremarkable apart from increased creatine kinase at 4287 IU/l (RI 73–260 IU/l). A feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)/feline leukemia virus (FeLV) SNAP test (SNAP Combo FeLV Ag/FIV Antibody Test; IDEXX) and Cryptococcus antigen titer were negative.
On day 3 of hospitalization, the patient was sedated with butorphanol, and a light plane of anesthesia was induced with propofol (Propoflo; Zoetis) and midazolam (Midazolam; Westward) administered intravenously for laryngeal examination with endoscopy and CT to follow. Laryngoscopy using a rigid 0° telescope with a sheath (Endoscopy Support Services) revealed mild laryngeal swelling. A large pink mass measuring approximately 5 × 4 mm arising from the right subglottic region was visible within the trachea, obstructing virtually the entire lumen and precluding passage of a cuffed endotracheal tube (Figure 3). A companion lesion (measuring approximately 2 × 3 mm) could be seen distally originating from the left subglottic region of the trachea. The right-sided, rostral mass was removed using 4 mm Sontec cup biopsy forceps (Figure 4) and the patient was intubated with a 4.5 mm cuffed endotracheal tube.
Anesthesia was subsequently maintained using isoflurane in oxygen. End-tidal CO2 measured by side-stream capnography was in the range of 52–61 mmHg, and non-invasive peripheral oxygen saturation was 100%. CT revealed a large volume of fluid-attenuating content within both nasal cavities and the left frontal sinus. There was a rounded soft-tissue mass associated with the ventral margin of the distal trachea at the level of the bifurcation, causing marked luminal narrowing of the trachea and proximal mainstem bronchi (Figure 5). There were multifocal, patchy and nodular soft-tissue opaque regions of lung consolidation (some bronchus-associated), most pronounced within the ventral aspects of the cranial lung lobes, as well as multifocal mineral foci within the pulmonary parenchyma (Figure 6). There was diffuse bronchial wall thickening with a small volume of fluid-attenuating material within the left mainstem bronchus. The lobar bronchus of the caudal subsegment of the left cranial lung lobe tapered abruptly, and the ventral aspect of this lobe was consolidated with rounded margins. The ventral aspect of the accessory lobe was similarly consolidated, with air bronchogram formation. There was a mixed soft-tissue and fluid-attenuating mass involving the caudal mediastinum and cranial aspect of the accessory lung lobe, with faint peripheral mineralization measuring approximately 1.6 × 1.3 × 1.1 cm. Anesthetic maintenance was changed to a propofol infusion to allow tracheoscopy using a 4.9 mm flexible videoscope (BF-Q190; Olympus). The examination showed multiple pale pink to white masses distally in the trachea to the level of the carina. Biopsy forceps, ratigators, loop snares and three-prong graspers were unable to lift the obstructive masses from the epithelial surface, limiting further airway evaluation. The most proximal mass near the carina was sampled, inducing mild hemorrhage that spontaneously resolved.
Figure 5
Sagittal and transverse thoracic CT images showing a rounded soft-tissue mass (asterisk) associated with the ventral margin of the distal trachea at the level of the bifurcation, causing marked luminal narrowing of the trachea
Impression smears of all masses revealed mats of eosinophils and fewer mast cells. Histopathology of the subglottic and tracheal carinal mass revealed abundant eosinophils forming the bulk of the mass, with elongated epithelium occasionally covering the surface and a small subset of mast cells. Based on the mass effect and mast cell population, a mast cell neoplasm or underlying lymphoproliferative process was prioritized.
The cat was administered dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dexamethasone SP; Bimeda) 0.1 mg/kg IV and terbutaline (Terbutaline sulfate; APP Pharmaceuticals) 0.01 mg/kg SC before anesthetic recovery in an oxygen cage. There was moderate improvement in respiratory effort but persistent stridor. The cat was discharged the next day on prednisolone (5 mg PO q24h) and inhaled dexamethasone (0.2 ml dexamethasone SP diluted in one vial of Addipak saline (Saline; Teleflex) placed in a nebulizer cup and administered for 10–15 mins q12h).14 The re-check examination 2 days later was unchanged.
Five days later, the cat was re-examined due to a recurrence of respiratory distress and the owner elected euthanasia. Gross examination identified masses described during ante-mortem examination (Figures 7 and 8). Histopathology was near identical to the biopsy specimen, revealing severe nodular obstructive eosinophilic plasmacytic laryngotracheitis. In addition, there was epithelial squamous metaplasia and dysplasia with infrequent intranuclear inclusion bodies positive for FHV-1 on immunohistochemistry (Figure 9). The left cranial lung lobe had severe bronchiectasis with eosinophilic lymphoplasmacytic bronchitis, intraluminal obstructive fibrosis and necrotic cellular debris, as well as severe, obstructive atelectasis. Additional findings included severe mucoid rhinosinusitis and mild chronic pancreatic inflammation. The intestinal tract was considered normal.
Figure 7
Post-mortem appearance of the remaining subglottic mass after fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin. A large exophytic mass (asterisk) arising from the mucosa occupies the lumen
Figure 8
Post-mortem appearance of the tracheal mass. At the carina is an obstructive, soft but firmly attached white mass (asterisk). The lungs are atelectatic and congested
Figure 9
Representative histology of the carinal mass. (a) The mass effect is appreciated in this low-magnification view confirming the mass arising from and thickening the mucosa. H&E, ×4. (b) Higher magnification of a superficial portion of the mass highlighting the massive eosinophilic inflammation with fewer plasma cells and histiocytes. Normal respiratory epithelium is not present and instead the mass is covered by squamous epithelium indicating metaplasia. H&E, ×20. (c) Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies identified occasionally within the epithelial cells (arrowhead). Inclusion bodies are magnified in the inset. H&E, ×40. (d) Immunohistochemical staining against FHV-1 highlighting brown cytoplasmic staining in affected cells. ×40. FHV-1 = feline herpes virus-1; H&E = hematoxylin and eosin
Discussion
The cause of the eosinophilic nodular masses in the distal larynx, tracheal carina and lungs was FHV-1, evidenced by intranuclear inclusion bodies and positive immunohistochemical staining. While FHV-1 is known to cause eosinophilic ulcerative facial dermatitis7 and eosinophilic keratitis,8 to the authors’ knowledge, nodular eosinophilic lesions in the respiratory tract have not been previously described. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans presumed secondary to FHV-1 infection has been described but led to neutrophilic inflammation.15 Disseminated FHV-1 leading to necrotizing laryngotracheitis, bronchopneumonia and gastritis associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies has also been reported.13 The reason why some FHV-1-associated lesions, such as ulcerative dermatitis, are eosinophil-rich is unknown. Most FHV-1-associated lesions are not eosinophilic, and eosinophilic inflammation is not typical for herpesvirus infection in other species. In humans, herpes simplex virus has rarely been associated with eosinophilic ulcerative esophagitis16 and eosinophilic cellulitis.17 It is possible that epithelial cells infected with FHV-1 in older cats produce eotaxins to induce a florid eosinophilic response. However, research is required to confirm this speculation.
Inflammatory laryngotracheal masses have been reported in cats,18 but none were described to be eosinophilic. In general, mass-forming upper and lower respiratory eosinophilic lesions are considered unusual in cats. In dogs, two conditions have been reported to present in this manner: intraluminal eosinophilic granulomas19 and canine eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis.20 Whether these represent a continuum of the same pathophysiological process or separate entities altogether, both are considered unusual hypersensitivity responses.21
There are numerous potential causes for pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema, but two are prioritized in this patient. First, damage to the airways can lead to loss of mural integrity, alveolar rupture and direct leakage of air into the mediastinum. This is the most common cause in people22 and has been reported in a cat with FHV-1-related necrotizing bronchopneumonia.23 A less likely possibility is alveolar rupture secondary to respiratory distress. Air may subsequently enter the mediastinum via bronchovascular bundles/sheaths, as described by Macklin.24 Other reported causes excluded in this patient include trauma, foreign bodies and positive-pressure ventilation.25–27 In people with pneumomediastinum, conservative management is often pursued with oxygen therapy to promote free air absorption, and this approach was effective in the cat of this report.28
The role of long-term prednisolone administration on host immune defenses and the development of tracheal lesions in the cat in this report is unclear. During the latent stage of FHV-1 infection, viral DNA persists in the nuclei of sensory ganglion neurons.1 It is thought that T lymphocytes prevent reactivation via the production of gamma interferon and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.1 Reactivation of latent infection can be induced experimentally by glucocorticoid treatment in approximately 70% of cats,10 although clinical signs of reactivation in cats administered methylprednisolone appear to be mild.29 The involvement of prednisolone treatment in the pathogenesis of the lesions described in this report is unknown.
Guidelines for the management of FHV-1-induced disease have been published by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases.2 The guidelines emphasize supportive care, antiviral therapy and treatment of secondary bacterial infections. Ideally, antiviral therapy would have been instituted in the patient in this report and may have hastened resolution of the lesions. One commonly used antiviral drug is famciclovir, which can reduce the duration and severity of clinical signs of FHV-1 infection with minimal side effects.30 However, the authors were not aware that FHV-1 was the causative agent at the time. Ultimately, the most immediate concern was the airway obstruction resulting from the tracheal masses. Unfortunately, it proved very difficult to debulk the lesions and airway obstruction persisted after the endoscopy. On histopathology, it was noted that the mass effect was primarily mucosal, but having a broad base, squamous metaplasia and fibrosis may have caused the masses to become firmly adhered to the tracheal wall and resistant to attempts to debulk them. Nebulization with saline and dexamethasone was initiated but only a short temporary improvement was achieved. It is possible that laser resection or surgical intervention would have been successful in debulking the masses and relieving airway obstruction.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Kristina Vu for the post-mortem management of this patient and gross photography.
© The Author(s) 2024
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Conflict of interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval The work described in this manuscript involved the use of non-experimental (owned or unowned) animals. Established internationally recognized high standards (‘best practice’) of veterinary clinical care for the individual patient were always followed and/or this work involved the use of cadavers. Ethical approval from a committee was therefore not specifically required for publication in JFMS Open Reports. Although not required, where ethical approval was still obtained, it is stated in the manuscript.
Informed consent Informed consent (verbal or written) was obtained from the owner or legal custodian of all animal(s) described in this work (experimental or non-experimental animals, including cadavers) for all procedure(s) undertaken (prospective or retrospective studies). For any animals or people individually identifiable within this publication, informed consent (verbal or written) for their use in the publication was obtained from the people involved.
