Dubautia carrii B. G. Baldwin & Friar and D. hanaulaensis B. G. Baldwin are new species in Dubautia Gaudich. sect. Railliardia (Gaudich.) G. D. Carr (Compositae, Madiinae) of the Hawaiian silversword alliance that were previously treated within the circumscription of D. linearis (Gaudich.) D. D. Keck subsp. opposita (Sherff) G. D. Carr. The two species are allopatric, with D. carrii in mesic to wet shrubland and forest on eastern Moloka‘i and D. hanaulaensis in mesic shrubland and forest on southern West Maui. Although closely resembling D. linearis subsp. linearis and D. linearis subsp. hillebrandii (H. Mann) G. D. Carr in habit and capitulescence characteristics, D. carrii and D. hanaulaensis differ from both subspecies of D. linearis in the sense adopted here by having consistently opposite (rather than variable) phyllotaxy and toothed (rather than entire) leaf apices, and by occurring in mesic or wet (rather than mostly dry) habitats. Dubautia carrii and D. hanaulaensis are highly similar morphologically; they commonly differ from one another in stature, stem vestiture, leaf shape, capitulescence size, and receptacular-bract glandulosity. Molecular phylogenetic data indicate that D. carrii is most closely related to the East Maui endemic species of Dubautia sect. Railliardia (i.e., D. menziesii (A. Gray) D. D. Keck, D. platyphylla (A. Gray) D. D. Keck, D. reticulata (Sherff) D. D. Keck, and D. waianapanapaensis G. D. Carr), and D. hanaulaensis represents an early-diverging lineage within the Maui Nui–Hawai‘i (Big Island) clade of Dubautia sect. Railliardia. High similarity of D. carrii and D. hanaulaensis in morphology and ecology may reflect retained ancestral or plesiomorphic states shared with the common ancestor of the Maui Nui–Hawai‘i clade of Dubautia sect. Railliardia, a lineage otherwise known for exceptional adaptive radiation.

Douglasia conservatorum Björk is described as a new species from a single population in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains along the Idaho/Montana border in the United States. With other members of the genus, it shares a pink corolla color, branched and stellate trichomes, and pulvinate habit. Within Douglasia Lindl., it is unique in possessing papillae on the leaves, and additionally differs in its combination of traits of leaf shape, flower number, shape of the involucre bracts, and distribution and morphology of trichomes. Its morphology and range suggest that it is related to other temperate-climate Douglasia species, in contrast to all species in the northern, (sub)Arctic center of diversity. A key to Douglasia is presented. Like all other members of the genus, D. conservatorum is endemic to a small geographic range. The ecology and conservation priority of the species are discussed.

Three new species of Pseudobombax Dugand (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) are described and illustrated based on material from Brazil. Pseudobombax minimum Carv.-Sobr. & L. P. Queiroz is not clearly related to any species of Pseudobombax from central-eastern Brazil. However, P. minimum may be promptly recognized by its extremely reduced flowers (to 6 cm long) and fruits (to 5.5 cm long), the smallest recorded for Pseudobombax to date, in combination with the glabrous androecium and the presence of phalanges. The other two new species, P. calcicola Carv.-Sobr. & L. P. Queiroz and P. parvifolium Carv.-Sobr. & L. P. Queiroz, seem to be related to P. grandiflorum (Cav.) A. Robyns based on the number of leaflets and the absence of phalanges in the androecium, but differ due to the absence of intersecondary veins, the larger ovary, and the fruits angled, but not winged.

The new species Astragalus beitashanensis W. Chai & P. Yan (Leguminosae) is described from Xinjiang, China. Astragalus beitashanensis is similar to A. laguroides Pall., but differs by its elliptic to suborbicular leaflets that are 4–9 × 3–6 mm, ovate bracts, and deeply emarginate standard.

†Tropidogyne pikei K. L. Chambers, Poinar & R. T. Buckley, representing a new genus and species, is described from an Early Cretaceous flower preserved in Burmese amber. †Tropidogyne may occupy a stem or early crown position in the phylogeny of the rosid clade. Its floral morphology, while largely plesiomorphic, can be compared with the modern family Cunoniaceae. The flower of the fossil taxon is small, bisexual, epigynous, apetalous, with five regular sepals slightly connate at the base, 10 stamens, the one preserved anther having two thecae that dehisce by longitudinal slits, an ovary of three carpels surmounted by a conspicuous disc, three short, acute styles, and a 10-ribbed inferior ovary. At the summit of each rib of the †Tropidogyne ovary is a small, darkly stained patch of tissue, interpreted here as a secretory gland.

The name Parodia leninghausii (F. Haage) F. H. Brandt (Cactaceae) is in common use for a widespread and easily grown plant, but no valid combination has ever been published. The missing combination P. lenninghausii (F. Haage) F. H. Brandt ex Eggli & Hofacker is published here, together with the designation of a lectotype and a note on the orthography of the name.

New combinations in Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) are made for four species that were previously treated as Zephyranthes Herb. (Z. arenicola Brandegee, Z. chichimeca T. M. Howard & S. Ogden, Z. conzattii Greenm., and Z. longifolia Hemsl.) and that are endemic to Mexico and the southwestern United States: H. arenicola (Brandegee) Flagg, G. Lom. Sm. & Meerow, H. chichimeca (T. M. Howard & S. Ogden) Flagg, G. Lom. Sm. & Meerow, H. conzattii (Greenm.) Flagg, G. Lom. Sm. & Meerow, and H. longifolius (Hemsl.) Flagg, G. Lom. Sm. & Meerow. The mature anthers, which are more or less horizontal and usually lunate or U-shaped, readily distinguish Habranthus from Zephyranthes, in which the mature anthers are vertical and relatively linear.

Zornia grandiflora Fort.-Perez & A. M. G. Azevedo (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a new species from Bahia and Pernambuco states in northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is assigned to section Anisophylla Mohlenbr. of subgenus Zornia J. F. Gmel. Zornia grandiflora is similar to Z. sericea Moric., sharing erect stems and ovate to elliptic bracteoles. It can be distinguished from Z. sericea and from other species within Zornia sect. Anisophylla by the large standard (13–17 mm long).

The green algal genus Basicladia W. E. Hoffman & Tilden suggested for synonymy in Cladophora Kütz. by van den Hoek is reconfirmed as a genus based on the distinct basal system and the primarily epizoic habit associated with freshwater turtles. Previously assigned to Cladophora sect. Basicladia (W. E. Hoffmann & Tilden) C. Hoek, C. kosterae C. Hoek (type: France) and C. okamurae (S. Ueda) C. Hoek (type: Japan) transfer to Basicladia, based on morphology and molecular evidence. The two new combinations B. kosterae (C. Hoek) Garbary and B. okamurae (S. Ueda) Garbary bring the number of species in Basicladia to seven.

The study of collections from the RB herbarium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, allows the lectotypification of three names in the Asteraceae: Baccharis ×hoehneana Teodoro, B. ×paulopolitana Teodoro & W. Hoehne, and B. ×wilsoniana Teodoro. Additionally, the name B. lymanii G. M. Barroso ex G. Heiden is validated by the indication of a holotype.

The new species Brickellia jimenezii Hinojosa & Cruz Durán (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae) is described from Guerrero, Mexico. It belongs to the Barroetea A. Gray complex within Brickellia Elliot, and is similar to B. subuligera (Schauer) B. L. Turner. The new species presents heads with more florets ([45 to]74 to 106 vs. 30 to 50 in B. subuligera), larger style branches and anthers (to 3.7 mm and 2.1 mm, respectively, vs. to 2 mm and to 1.3 mm, respectively, in B. subuligera), as well as cypselae with four well-defined ribs on each face (vs. none or two on the exterior face and none or one on the interior face in B. subuligera). A key to this species complex and an illustration of the new species are provided.

An additional subspecies and two new varieties of Rosa woodsii Lindl. (Rosaceae) are recognized in western North America. Rosa woodsii subsp. puberulenta (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis & Ertter, characterized by an open habit and moderately curved prickles, is the predominant bottomland subspecies occurring in the Colorado Plateau of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Atypical unarmed populations of R. woodsii subsp. arizonica (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis & Ertter endemic to Oak Creek Canyon in the Mogollon Rim region of Coconino County, Arizona, are described as R. woodsii var. ertterae W. H. Lewis. The new combination R. woodsii var. arizonica (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis is provided for the remainder of R. woodsii subsp. arizonica. A key to the six subspecies of R. woodsii is provided.

Rhodiola wenchuanensis Tao Li & Hao Zhang (Crassulaceae) is described and illustrated from Wenchuan County, in western Sichuan Province, China. The new species is related to R. discolor (Franch.) S. H. Fu, but differs in having smaller plants with densely puberulent stems and pedicels and sessile leaves. It is characterized by its obviously dentate leaf margins; a petal to stamen length ratio less than or equal to 1; crimson sepals, petals, and ripe fruits; and a carpel that is not developed in the staminate flower. The new species is assigned to series Bupleuroides (Frodin) S. H. Fu within section Rhodiola L. on the basis of its dioecy and its flowers in terminal corymbs with four or five erect, shortly oblong carpels with the apex not revolute and the base broad.

A lectotype is designated for Actinidia latifolia (Gardner & Champ.) Merr. var. deliciosa A. Chev. (Actinidiaceae), selecting the second plate from the Chevalier protologue. Actinidia latifolia var. deliciosa is the basionym for the well-known kiwifruit A. deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson.

Heterostemma pingtaoi S. Y. He & J. Y. Lin (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) is described from Hainan Province, China. The new species is morphologically similar to H. oblongifolium Costantin in its leaf blade with an acute apex and rounded base. In comparison, H. pingtaoi differs from H. oblongifolium in its pubescent petioles (vs. glabrous), the leaves only to 7.3 cm long (vs. 7.5–14 cm), the five calyx glands (vs. 10), and the corolla externally pubescent and yellow-green with mauve pubescence (vs. green and glabrous).

The new name, subseries Alcabrerae M. G. López, A. F. Wulff & Xifreda for Senecio L. ser. Corymbosi (Cabrera) Cabrera, is here proposed to replace Senecio subsect. Amplectentes Cabrera. Although the name Amplectentes was published at different subgeneric ranks within the genus Senecio (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), the use of the same epithet is considered homonymy according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Article 53.4 and Article 21, Note 1. Additionally, S. saucensis Cabrera, one of the five species belonging to Senecio subser. Alcabrerae, is synonymized with S. toroanus Cabrera, formerly assigned to Senecio ser. Hualtatini DC., and S. toroanus is transferred to subseries Alcabrerae. The micromorphology of the cypselae for both species is provided, in support of the synonymy.

Una nueva especie Blechnum yungense Ramos Giacosa (Pteridophyta, Blechnaceae), la cual se distribuye en Argentina y Bolivia se describe e ilustra a partir de material de Jujuy, Argentina. Este nuevo taxón es semejante a B. schomburgkii (Klotzsch) C. Chr. del cual difiere por las características de las pinnas, reducción basal de la lámina y ornamentación de las esporas. Ambos taxones están incluidos en la sect. Lomariocycas (J. Sm.) C. V. Morton del género Blechnum L.

Two new tropical species in Eleocharis subgen. Limnochloa (P. Beauv. ex T. Lestib.) Torr. (Cyperaceae) are described and their relationships with presumably allied species are discussed. Eleocharis hooperiana D. J. Rosen from Sierra Leone in West Tropical Africa differs from the morphologically similar and presumably close taxonomic ally E. nupeensis Hutch. in a combination of coarser culms, longer and more coarsely spinulose perianth bristles, and larger fruits. Eleocharis tenuiculmis D. J. Rosen from the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso differs from the similar slender-culmed species E. elongata Chapm. in a combination of narrower culms, longer perianth bristles, and generally larger, biconvex fruits.

Se describe e ilustra Miconia mazatecana de Santiago, una nueva especie de Melastomataceae posiblemente dioica de la Sierra Mazateca de Oaxaca, México. Pertenece a un grupo de especies de la sección Amblyarrhena (Naudin) Triana centrado en los Andes, que presenta filamentos y estilos con pelos glandulares. Se relaciona lejanamente con M. tacanensis Wurdack del Volcán Tacaná en los límites entre México y Guatemala, debido a la pubescencia escamosa-dendrítica de ramas, hojas e inflorescencia y por la pubescencia glandular en filamentos y estilos. Miconia cajanumana Wurdack del Ecuador, se le asemeja por sus ramas y pecíolos con pelos patentes y hojas con acarodomacios de pelos. Se discute también su morfología floral en comparación con la de especies dioicas de Miconia Ruiz & Pav. sección Cremanium Triana.

Eight Andean species of Symplocos Jacq. (Symplocaceae) are described as new to science. They include: S. condorensis B. Ståhl, S. neillii B. Ståhl, and S. vanderwerffii B. Ståhl from southern Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe and Morona-Santiago provinces); S. golondrinae B. Ståhl from northern Ecuador (Carchi Province); S. guacamayensis B. Ståhl from east-central Ecuador (Napo Province); S. fragilis B. Ståhl and S. ovata B. Ståhl from northern Peru (Amazonas Department); and S. dolichopoda B. Ståhl from southern Peru (Cusco Department). Symplocos spruceana (Miers) Gürke and S. nuda Humb. & Bonpl. are reported as new to Ecuador and Peru, respectively.

Although Appunia Hook. f. has been synonymized by some recent authors with Morinda L., it is here provisionally recognized as a Neotropical genus, with the new species A. megalantha C. M. Taylor & Lorence found in wet lowland forests of northwestern Colombia, northern Peru, and perhaps Ecuador and easily separated from other species of Appunia by its climbing habit and relatively large corollas with six lobes. Two new species of Coutarea Aubl. with actinomorphic corollas expand its known diversity in seasonal and dry inter-Andean valleys, with C. coutaportloides C. M. Taylor of southwestern Ecuador and C. fuchsioides C. M. Taylor of northeastern Peru both similar to C. andrei Standl. A second species of Patima Aubl., P. minor C. M. Taylor (Hamelieae) from Guyana, doubles the number of species known and expands the morphological variation in the genus to include 4-merous flowers. A fourth species of Rosenbergiodendron Fagerl., R. reflexum C. M. Taylor & Lorence from Peru, has subglobose fruits and relatively large corollas, ca. 34.5 cm long.

Two novelties in the genus Senecio L. sect. Senecio of Patagonia (Argentina) are described and illustrated: a new species, S. breviramulus Tortosa & Adr. Bartoli belonging to series Xerosenecio (Cabrera) Cabrera & S. E. Freire, and the new variety pinohachense Tortosa & Adr. Bartoli for S. volckmannii Phil. belonging to series Suffruticosi Cabrera subser. Candidi (Cabrera) Cabrera & S. E. Freire. The new species is allied to S. covasii Cabrera and S. pumilus Tortosa & Adr. Bartoli, from which it differs by the smaller, narrowly elliptic leaves and narrower heads with fewer flowers. The new variety of S. volckmannii differs from the typical variety by the presence of female ray florets and the pedunculate capitula.

Following molecular phylogenetic evidence that the Galápagos (Ecuador) endemic genus Darwiniothamnus Harling (Asteraceae, Astereae) is biphyletic, with supporting evidence from several morphological traits, the species D. alternifolius is transferred to the genus Erigeron L. as E. alternifolius (Lawesson & Adsersen) N. Andrus & Tye.

Gastrochilus brevifimbriatus S. R. Yi is described and illustrated as a new species of Gastrochilus D. Don (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae) from Jinfo Mountain, Chongqing Province, China. This new species is related to G. acinacifolius Z. H. Tsi, with both species characterized by the falcate, lanceolate leaves, the inflorescences opposite to the leaves, the yellow sepals and petals with purple spots, the similar petals and sepals, and the white lip. Gastrochilus brevifimbriatus differs by its longer stems (10–30 cm) and by the subflabellate epichile that is broader than the hypochile and has short fimbriae on the margins.

Erigeron latifolius Hao Zhang & Z. F. Zhang (Asteraceae, Astereae), a new species of Erigeron L. from Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to E. multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. ex C. B. Clark, but can be distinguished by features of the flowers and leaves. The capitula are small (1.2–2.5 cm); the anthers do not protrude beyond the corolla; the midcauline leaves are large (8–15 × 1–2.5 cm) and lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; and the distal leaves are lanceolate, dense, and not much reduced, but smaller (2–5 × 0.5–1 cm). The new species is endemic to China and is identified as Endangered (EN), according to IUCN Red List criteria.