A new species of Smilax L. (Smilacaceae) in southwestern Colombia (Cauca, Nariño, Valle del Cauca) is illustrated and described from Valle del Cauca, Nariño, and Cauca. Smilax silverstonei Botina differs from all other known Neotropical species of Smilax by the hispid trichomes present on the stems and branches.

Two new species were found during a taxonomic revision of Passiflora subg. Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. (Passifloraceae). Both new species are described and placed in the P. lobbii Mast. species group. Passiflora joergenseniana T. Boza is from La Paz, Bolivia, and P. praemorsa T. Boza is from Cusco, Peru, and is also distributed in La Paz, Bolivia. Conservation assessments and geographic distributions for each species are provided, and morphological variability within each species is discussed. Similarities to and differences among these new species and putative close relatives are also examined.

Monardella angustifolia Elvin, Ertter & Mansfield (Lamiaceae), a new species from southeastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho, is described and illustrated. It occurs on ash tuff outcrops in and near Leslie Gulch in the northern reaches of the Great Basin Desert. The new species is best distinguished by its calyx trichomes, fascicled leaves, and leaf and bract morphology. It is unique in the genus in having very narrow, conduplicate, and often fascicled leaves and being endemic to soils derived from ash tuff. It is most similar morphologically and ecologically to several perennial species of Monardella Benth. in the Mojave Desert ca. 900 km to the south. It shares with them a similar habit, pubescence, branching, and bract and glomerule morphologies.

The name Ruta graveolens L. var. montana L. (Rutaceae), basionym of R. montana (L.) L., is lectotypified from material preserved in the Herbarium Burser (UPS-BURSER).

Vachellia azuana R. G. García, Clase, Ebinger & Seigler (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), a new species from the Azua Province, Dominican Republic, is described, illustrated, and compared to related species from the Dominican Republic and Haiti. This previously undescribed species is most similar to, but distinct from, V. barahonensis (Urb. & Ekman) Seigler & Ebinger, also known from Azua Province.

Two new species of Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. (Gesneriaceae) are described from central Panama near the Caribbean coast in the Panama Copper Concession (Conseción Minera Panamá S. A.). The new species are endemic to Panama, are poorly represented in herbaria, and are differentiated from other Monopyle by a suite of characters. Monopyle aurea Keene & J. L. Clark has yellow flowers with a distinct maroon osmophore and red fleshy fruits. Monopyle longicarpa J. L. Clark & Keene has a villous golden indument on all vegetative surfaces and elongate linear fruits. Both species are differentiated from other congeners by the presence of small glandular trichomes along the margins of the corolla lobes.

Aspidistra ovatifolia Yan Liu & C. R. Lin (Asparagaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from limestone slopes in the Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region in southern China. The new species is similar to A. longanensis Y. Wan in the shape of flower, but differs by its perianth lobes that are triangular, 3–5 mm long, monocyclic, adaxially white, and the stigma 12–16 mm in diam., and adaxially creamy white and glabrous, with the central portion shallowly convex with four radial, bifurcate lines. The new species is currently known only from southwestern Guangxi, near the border with northern Vietnam.

Four new species of Barbacenia Vand. (Velloziaceae) from Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described. Barbacenia piranga Mello-Silva, B. serracabralea Mello-Silva, B. tuba Mello-Silva & N. L. Menezes, and B. vellozioides Mello-Silva combine characteristics ascribed to Aylthonia N. L. Menezes and Pleurostima Raf., which have been split from Barbacenia s.l. Barbacenia serracabralea shares leaf trichomes similar to those of Aylthonia, the anther insertion and stigmas of Pleurostima, and fruits similar to those of Barbacenia. Barbacenia piranga and B. tuba show tristichous phyllotaxis, serrulate leaf margins and basifixed anthers that would fit Pleurostima, but the long hypanthial tube, short apical, confluent stigmas lobes, and the loculicidal capsules of B. tuba correspond to those seen in Aylthonia. In B. vellozioides, the basifixed anthers and lateral stigma lobes would suggest placement in Pleurostima. Nevertheless, its capsule is not dehiscent by many intercostal openings, as in Pleurostima, but rather by apical pores. For these reasons, beyond obscuring the alleged distinctions among these three genera, these four are new entities. They are special also for their beauty and rarity.

A new species of Dendrocalamus Nees (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), D. longivaginatus N. H. Xia, V. T. Nguyen & V. L. Le, is illustrated and described from Phu Tho, Vietnam. This species is known only from the northern provinces of Vietnam: Phu Tho, Yen Bai, and Ha Giang. It is morphologically similar to D. brandisii (Munro) Kurz, a widely distributed bamboo from Thailand, Myanmar, China, and Vietnam, but differs by the ligules of the culm sheath, which are irregularly fimbriate, slightly concave, and 7–9 mm, and by the pseudo-spikelets, which are (5–)13–16 mm with lemmas 9–11.5 mm.

Four new species of Camellia L. (Theaceae) are described from Vietnam: C. duyana Orel, Curry & Luu, C. ligustrina Orel, Curry & Luu, C. bugiamapensis Orel, Curry, Luu & Q. D. Nguyen, and C. capitata Orel, Curry & Luu. The new taxa were collected from the Da Lat Plateau and the Lang Biang Massif phytogeographic region in southern Vietnam. The new finds are morphologically dissimilar to known Camellia species, and for two species, the new sections Camellia sect. Capitatae Orel and Camellia sect. Pierrea Orel are established. These species are endemic to the montane temperate or to the lowland tropical rainforests of Vietnam.

Type specimens of two names (Euphorbia sparsiflora A. Heller, Euphorbiaceae, Gutierrezia ionensis Lunell, Asteraceae) have been discovered, superseding recent lecto- and neotypifications.

Two new species, Centaurea kamyaranensis Ranjbar & Negaresh and C. bavegehensis Ranjbar & Negaresh, collected from Kermanshah Province in western Iran are described and illustrated. Both are assigned to Centaurea L. sect. Cynaroides Boiss. ex Walp. (Asteraceae, Cardueae) on the basis of the racemose synflorescences, the adaxial stem leaves decurrent, the subglobose to ovoid involucres, and the phyllary appendages triangular to ovate or orbicular, not decurrent, usually ciliate and ending in a firm spine or spinule. The new species are closely related to C. regia Boiss. subsp. regia, but C. kamyaranensis differs by its median appendages being narrowly triangular and 17–21 × 10–11 mm, with fewer cilia on each side, subreflexed, and white flowers. Centaurea bavegehensis is distinguished by its phyllaries being densely lanate and tomentose, with the appendages concealing a minor part of the phyllaries, the median appendages triangular, 14–16 × 5–6 mm, with two to four cilia on each side, and the cilia 0.8–3 mm. A description of Centaurea sect. Cynaroides and a key to all the species of the section in Iran are presented here. Both subspecies for C. regia in Iran are discussed.

We describe a new species of Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae), endemic to the region of Sain Alto, from the municipio of Sain Alto, Zacatecas, Mexico. The locals call it zarco or xoconostle (in nahuatl, “xoco” = “acid”; “noxtle” = “tuna”). The new taxon is a tree, its trunk scaly, black in color, with tufts of white short bristles. The first woody branch is parallel to the ground: the epidermis has short trichomes, the areoles of the cladodes are arranged in 16 to 18 series, spines are (three)six to eight, emerging from the lower and lateral sides on all areoles, acicular, 0.6–1.6 cm long, reflexed, the lateral ones horizontal, spines are white in color with an amber base and apex. The flowers are pale yellow to greenish and the pericarpel is pale green, powdery; the fruits are pale pink, the exterior walls very thin, spineless, the inner walls thick, pale pink in color, acidic, and persistent on the cladodes when mature; seeds disposed in the center of the fruit, with dry funiculi, rose in color. The new species is compared with four sympatric species with trichomes on the epidermis and all producing xoconostles: O. guilanchi Griffiths, O. leucotricha DC., O. oligacantha C. F. Först., and O. spinulifera Salm-Dyck. The new species is assigned to Opuntia ser. Leucotrichae Britton & Rose, which includes three species with pubescent epidermis and acidic fruits.

This is the third and last installment of a treatment of Andean Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) species with hermaphroditic flowers and covers species with solid stems and moderately pubescent or glabrous leaves. Eighteen species treated are new to science: O. choquetangensis van der Werff, O. smithii van der Werff, and O. solomonii van der Werff from Bolivia, O. fusagasugensis van der Werff and O. hammeliana van der Werff from Colombia, O. condorensis van der Werff, O. limiticola van der Werff, O. longipetiolata van der Werff, and O. pichinchensis van der Werff from Ecuador, O. alveata van der Werff, O. caesifolia van der Werff, O. cuscoensis van der Werff, O. gymnoblasta van der Werff, O. latipetiolata van der Werff, and O. mollivillosa van der Werff from Peru, and O. cuspidata van der Werff, O. vergelensis van der Werff, and O. pedanomischa van der Werff from Ecuador and Peru. The well-known name O. helicterifolia (Meisn.) Hemsl. is placed in synonymy of O. macrophylla Kunth. Lectotypes are designated for O. albida Mez & Rusby, O. piurensis Mez, and O. veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez [= Sassafridium veraguense Meisn.].

Primulina carinata Y. G. Wei, F. Wen & H. Z. Lü (Gesneriaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species endemic to Guangxi, China. It is similar to P. parvifolia (W. T. Wang) Yin Z. Wang & J. M. Li, but can be distinguished by its lack of stolons, by its longer peduncle 12–20 cm or more (vs. 5.3–5.6 cm in P. parvifolia), by the longer pedicels 10–12 mm (vs. ca. 8 mm), by the ventral surface of the corolla tube longitudinally constricted, forming a keel (vs. the upper portion of corolla tube swollen, forming an elevated ridge), by the staminal filaments sparsely glandular puberulent (vs. glabrous), and by three staminodes (vs. two), with the lateral two at different lengths, ca. 4 mm and ca. 2 mm (vs. the staminal pair at equal length, ca. 5 mm).

A wider concept of Justicia L. and Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) is now generally accepted as the characters used to distinguish related genera, namely an elastic placenta and greater ovule numbers, are not diagnostic and appear to be derived characters. In consequence the following new combinations are needed to bring the names of Indian species into line with currently accepted generic limits: J. apiculata (Bedd.) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia apiculata Bedd.], J. himalayensis (C. B. Clarke) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia himalayensis C. B. Clarke], J. latior (Nees) J. R. I. Wood subsp. latior [≡ Rungia longifolia subsp. latior (Nees) Cramer], which results in the new varietal combination of J. latior var. anamalayana (Chandrab. & V. Chandras.) J. R. I. Wood, J. latior subsp. longifolia (Nees) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia longifolia Nees subsp. longifolia], J. mastersii (T. Anderson) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia mastersii T. Anderson], J. wightiana (Nees) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia wightiana Nees], Strobilanthes alternata (Burm. f.) E. Moylan ex J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis alternata (Burm. f.) T. Anderson], Strobilanthes brunelloides (Lam.) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis brunelloides (Lam.) Bremek.], Strobilanthes cordifolia (Vahl) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Stenosiphonium cordifolium (Vahl) Alston], Strobilanthes crossandra (Steud) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis crossandra (Steud.) Bremek.], Strobilanthes pavala (Roxb.) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis latebrosa (Heyne ex Roth) Nees], Strobilanthes urens (Roth) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis urens (Roth) J. R. I. Wood], Strobilanthes venosa (Heyne ex C. B. Clarke) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis venosa Heyne ex C. B. Clarke], Strobilanthes wightii (Bremek.) J. R. I. Wood [≡ Stenosiphonium wightii Bremek.]. The following new names are also provided for species where the epithet cannot be transferred as it is blocked by a pre-existing epithet in the genus: J. concinna J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia elegans Dalzell & Gibson], J. crenatifolia J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia crenata T. Anderson], J. eudoxa J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia laeta C. B. Clarke], J. heyneana J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia linifolia Nees], this new name resulting in the new varietal combination J. heyneana var. saldanhae (Mascar. & Janarth.) J. R. I. Wood, J. meghalayana J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia khasiana T. Anderson] and J. vallis-silentiosae J. R. I. Wood [≡ Rungia sisparensis T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke], Strobilanthes carinei J. R. I. Wood [≡ Stenosiphomium setosum T. Anderson], and Strobilanthes sinuata J. R. I. Wood [≡ Hemigraphis repanda (L.) Hallier f.]. Lectotypes are designated for the following basionyms: Haplanthodes neilgherryensis (Wight) R. B. Majumdar, Hemigraphis latebrosa var. rupestris C. B. Clarke, Hemigraphis platycarpos C. B. Clarke, Hemigraphis venosa Heyne ex C. B. Clarke, Ruellia alternata Burm. f., Ruellia confinis Nees, Ruellia confinis var. β, Ruellia diffusa Nees, Ruellia ebracteata Dalzell, Ruellia elegans Hook, Ruellia pavala Roxb., Ruellia repanda L., Ruellia urens Roth, Rungia apiculata Bedd., Rungia himalayensis C. B. Clarke, Rungia linifolia Nees, Rungia khasiana T. Anderson, Rungia sisparensis T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke, Rungia wightiana Nees, Stenosiphonium confertum Nees, Stenosiphonium subsericeum Nees, Stenosiphonium wightii Bremek., and Strobilanthes burmanica Kurz. Neotypes are provided for Rungia elegans Dalzell and Ruellia latebrosa Heyne ex R