This work describes a new species of Passiflora L. from the extreme west of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The new species, P. jorgeana Mezzonato, is placed in Passiflora subg. Astrophea (DC.) Mast. and is illustrated and compared to four morphologically similar species. Morphological features, geographic distribution, and conservation status are discussed.

Inga yungasensis C. Aparicio & A. Fuentes (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae), es una especie nueva que se encuentra en los bosques yungueños basimontanos del norte de La Paz, Bolivia. Inga yungasensis pertenece a la sección Complanatae T. D. Penn. junto a I. extra-nodis T. D. Penn., una especie de Ecuador, similar a esta nueva especie por carecer de raquis alado y presentar glándulas estipitadas. Se diferencia principalmente por el menor tamaño de su cáliz (2–2.5 vs. 6–14 mm) y corola (6–9 vs. 20–23 mm). Se muestran diferencias adicionales con I. extra-nodis y otras especies morfológicamente similares, así como la evaluación del estado de conservación.

Here we publish a new species of forest tree of the genus Drypetes Vahl (Putranjivaceae), D. umbricola D. J. Harris & Quintanar, which has a wide distribution in Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Republic of the Congo). It is known from 70 herbarium collections and additional sterile plot vouchers. A differential diagnosis, detailed morphological description, photographs, an illustration, and information about its habitat, distribution, and conservation status are provided.

Three names in the genus Periploca L. are discussed and typified. A specimen preserved at BM and collected by Francis Masson in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) is designated as the neotype of the name P. laevigata Aiton. A Cavanilles illustration is designated as the lectotype of P. punicifolia Cav., a synonym of P. laevigata. Furthermore, a “second-step” lectotypification is published for the name P. angustifolia Labill.

During the preparation of the treatment of the family Boraginaceae s. str. for Argentina, dozens of names were identified as needing typifications to stabilize their nomenclature. As a result, lectotypes are designated for 11 names (Allocarya alternifolia Brand, Amsinckia angustifolia Lehm. var. microcarpa Speg., Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray, Echinospermum patagonicum Speg., Eritrichium albiflorum Griseb., Eritrichium humile (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. var. capillatum Clos, Eritrichium humile (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. var. congestum Wedd., Gruvelia pusilla A. DC., Lithospermum chilense Colla, Myosotis corymbosa Ruiz & Pav., and Pectocarya chilensis DC.). Additionally, second-step lectotypes are designated for nine names in Eritrichium Schrad. ex Gaudin (E. calandrinioides Phil., E. cinereum Phil., E. flavicans Phil., E. germainii Phil., E. graminifolium Phil., E. pedicellare Phil., E. pratense Phil., E. pugae Phil., and E. pulchellum Phil.).

The genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae, Viticoideae) comprises 45 native species in Madagascar, all but one of which are endemic to the country. Several new species are still to be described, and we propose here three new species from the littoral forests: V. mcphersonii Callm. & Phillipson, V. rabenantoandroi Callm. & Phillipson, and V. zigzag Callm. & Phillipson. These three distinctive new species grow in the threatened littoral forests of the east coast of Madagascar. The risk of extinction to these species was assessed following the IUCN Red List Criteria, revealing that V. mcphersonii should be assessed as “Vulnerable,” V. rabenantoandroi as “Near Threatened,” and V. zigzag as “Critically Endangered.” Each new species is provided with a discussion of its morphological affinities and a line drawing.

In the course of reviewing publications on Lauraceae, several nomenclatural problems were found. Solving these problems led to the proposal of new names for Litsea pseudoelongata Kosterm. (L. siamensis van der Werff), Cryptocarya lancifolia Kosterm. (C. stenophylla van der Werff), and C. pauciflora Lauterb. & K. Schum. (C. oligantha van der Werff). Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm. is a synonym of B. lanatella Kosterm., and Lindera spicata Kosterm. (1992) is a later homonym of L. spicata Kosterm. (1973). Nectandra roberto-andinoi (C. Nelson) C. Nelson is transferred to Damburneya Raf., and Ocotea ligulata van der Werff is transferred to Mespilodaphne Nees & Mart.

Six species of Burmeistera H. Karst. & Triana are described as new from Ecuador: B. chrysothrix Mashburn & Muchhala, B. crocodila Mashburn & Muchhala, B. erosa Mashburn, B. lingulata Mashburn & Muchhala, B. sierrazulensis Mashburn & Muchhala, and B. valdiviana Mashburn. These discoveries bring the total number of Burmeistera species in Ecuador to ca. 47. Descriptions are given for each species, as well as diagnoses to differentiate them from other Burmeistera. Also provided is a discussion of each species' etymology, phenology, and ecology, a list of all specimens examined, and distribution maps and photos, when available.

As a result of taxonomic studies on the genus Neomarica Sprague (Trimezieae, Iridoideae, Iridaceae), we noted that some names remain untypified, or were incorrectly typified. Thus, we here designate lectotypes for N. candida (Hassl.) Sprague, N. heloisamariae Occhioni, and N. silvestris (Vell.) Chukr, neotypes for N. itatiaica (Ravenna) A. Gil, N. latifolia (Ravenna) A. Gil, and N. unca (Ravenna) A. Gil, and also an epitype for N. silvestris. Comments about the typifications are provided.

Studies of Neotropical Celastraceae have revealed the identity of Maytenus calzadae (Lundell) J. S. Ma, first described as Euonymus calzadae Lundell. Analyses of the protologue and types identify M. calzadae as a species of Haydenoxylon M. P. Simmons and as conspecific with H. haberianum (Hammel) M. P. Simmons. Because the epithet of E. calzadae has priority, a new combination is necessary. Haydenoxylon calzadae (Lundell) Biral is published here.

A new name, Neillia pendryi Idrees, is proposed as a replacement name for N. velutina Pendry (Rosaceae), which was discovered to be an illegitimate later homonym of N. velutina Bureau & Franch.

Pleurothyrium amissum P. Juárez & J. F. Morales (Lauraceae), a new species endemic to the highland oak forests of the Costa Rican Talamanca range, is described and illustrated. Pleurothyrium amissum and P. pauciflorum van der Werff & Hammel have similar floral morphology but differ by their height, leaf size, inflorescence size, number of flowers per inflorescence, flower color, and habitat. Photographs, a distribution map, and a key to the species of Pleurothyrium Nees in Costa Rica are presented.

Many of the species classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. (Rubiaceae), including the species of Psychotria ser. Axillares (Hook. f.) Steyerm., have been shown to belong to Palicourea Aubl. based on morphological and molecular characters. This section is now treated as Palicourea sect. Axillares (Hook. f.) Borhidi, and includes 14 species found from southern Central America through the Andes of northwestern and western South America with a center of diversity in eastern Colombia and western Venezuela. This section is characterized by the combination of laminar, well-developed, bilobed stipules and mostly capitate, pseudoaxillary or sometimes terminal, mostly sessile inflorescences with numerous well-developed bracts that enclose the flowers but without enlarged involucral bracts. It is circumscribed differently here than it is by Borhidi. The nomenclatural summary, key, and diagnostic discussions that separate the species included here are based on several new taxonomic circumscriptions. No infraspecific taxa are recognized in Pal. axillaris (Sw.) Borhidi, but one of its varieties from Venezuela is raised to species status as Pal. villipila (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor. The circumscription of Pal. rosacea (Steyerm.) Borhidi is expanded, and four species are newly described here: Pal. aristata C. M. Taylor from the Andes of southern Ecuador, Pal. quibdoana C. M. Taylor from northwestern Colombia, Pal. santanderiana C. M. Taylor from the Andes of eastern Colombia, and Pal. winfriedii C. M. Taylor from northern Venezuela.

Se describe y se ilustra Matelea falcata Juárez-Jaimes, G. M. Hernández-Barón & W. D. Stevens (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). Este nuevo taxón crece sobre vegetación secundaria derivada de selva mediana subcaducifolia, en los alrededores de las grutas de Loltún, en el estado de Yucatán, México. Se parece morfológicamente a M. gentlei (Lundell & Standl.) Woodson, se distingue por sus flores en forma de rehilete, aspecto dado por los ápices conspicuamente falcados de los lóbulos de la corola, los cuales son carnosos en la base. Se presentan imágenes de la nueva especie, una clave de identificación y un mapa de distribución de las especies de Matelea Aubl. en la Península de Yucatán.

Following the recent resurrection of Sciodaphyllum P. Browne (Araliaceae) to accommodate the majority of Neotropical species formerly included in Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., we have begun to describe the many new members of this genus documented during field and herbarium studies conducted over the past several years. Here we describe and illustrate four new hemi-epiphytic species of Sciodaphyllum from a small area of the eastern Andes in central Ecuador: the western slopes of the Cordillera Abitagua in canton Baños, Tungurahua Province, in the buffer zone of Llanganates National Park. The four new species described, all collected within a few days in an area of less than 10 km² and not known from any other locality, are S. merinoi D. A. Neill, G. M. Plunkett, Lowry & M. M. Mora, S. purocafeanum G. M. Plunkett, M. M. Mora, D. A. Neill & Lowry, S. recaldiorum Lowry, G. M. Plunkett, M. M. Mora & D. A. Neill, and S. zunacense M. M. Mora, Lowry, G. M. Plunkett & D. A. Neill. The conservation status of all four species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) according to the IUCN Red List criteria.

Tras la reciente resurrección de Sciodaphyllum P. Browne (Araliaceae) para dar cabida a la mayoría de las especies neotropicales anteriormente incluidas en Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., hemos comenzado a describir las muchas especies nuevas de este género documentadas durante los estudios de campo y herbario realizados en los últimos años. Aquí describimos e ilustramos cuatro nuevas especies hemiepífitas de Sciodaphyllum procedentes de una pequeña área de los Andes orientales en el centro de Ecuador: las vertientes occidentales de la Cordillera Abitagua, en el cantón Baños, provincia de Tungurahua, en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Llanganates. Las cuatro nuevas especies descritas, todas recolectadas en pocos días en un área de menos de 10 km² y no conocidas de ninguna otra localidad, son S. merinoi D. A. Neill, G. M. Plunkett, Lowry & M. M. Mora, S. purocafeanum G. M. Plunkett, M. M. Mora, D. A. Neill & Lowry, S. recaldiorum Lowry, G. M. Plunkett, M. M. Mora & D. A. Neill, y S. zunacense M. M. Mora, Lowry, G. M. Plunkett & D. A. Neill. El estado de conservación de las cuatro especies se evalúa como Vulnerable (VU D2) de acuerdo con los criterios de la Lista Roja de la UICN.

Review of specimens of Rudgea Salisb. (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae) has discovered some species new to science and clarified the identity of one previously described taxon. Here we raise R. viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. subsp. megalocarpa Zappi of the western Amazon basin to species status, as R. megalocarpa (Zappi) Bruniera & C. M. Taylor. We also describe 11 new species found variously from lowland to montane elevations in Panama and western South America: R. barbosae C. M. Taylor from scattered locations on sandstone in Colombia; R. campanana C. M. Taylor from central Panama; R. cardenasii C. M. Taylor from the Caribbean area of northwestern Colombia; R. chocoana C. M. Taylor from the Pacific drainage of western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador; R. elegans C. M. Taylor from sandstone formations in the Andes of central Peru; R. homeieri C. M. Taylor from the Andean slopes of central Ecuador; R. inflata C. M. Taylor from the northwestern Amazon basin in Colombia and Brazil; R. retiniphylloides C. M. Taylor from northern to north-central Colombia; R. sanluisensis C. M. Taylor & Cogollo from the lower Río Magdalena valley of northern Colombia; R. suberosa C. M. Taylor & Bruniera from cloud forest and pajonal in the Andes from southern Ecuador through southern Peru; and R. zappiae C. M. Taylor & Bruniera from central western Ecuador.

Se describe e ilustra Paradrymonia vivianensis R. Rojas & M. M. Mora (Gesneriaceae), una nueva especie descubierta en el Sector Chambirillo del Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul, Perú. Paradrymonia vivianensis se diferencia de otros miembros del género principalmente por sus hojas con la lámina elíptica a obovada, verde-purpúrea en el haz y uniformemente purpúrea en el envés, con la base subcordata y ligeramente asimétrica, el margen crenado y la vena media y las venas secundarias contrastantemente verde-amarillentas en el haz.

Eleven new species of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) (D. falyi G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. fasimainty G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. littoralis Capuron ex G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. mandenensis H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. orbicularis G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. pseudolanceolata G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. rabehevitrae G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. ramisonii G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. ratovosonii H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. retusa H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, and D. tampolensis H. N. Rakouth, Lowry & G. E. Schatz), which are present in the littoral forests along the east coast of Madagascar, are described, along with notes on their distribution and vernacular names, and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Given the diminished area of the Malagasy littoral forest ecosystem, and continuing threats from exploitation for firewood and charcoal production, forest clearing for agriculture, and mining, nine of the 11 new species are assessed as threatened: one Critically Endangered (D. tampolensis), three Endangered (D. falyi, D. rabehevitrae, and D. retusa), and five Vulnerable (D. fasimainty, D. orbicularis, D. pseudolanceolata, D. ramisonii, and D. ratovosonii), whereas two species are assessed as Near Threatened (D. littoralis and D. mandenensis).

During the preparation of the treatment of the family Heliotropiaceae for Argentina, several names were identified as needing typification to stabilize their nomenclature. As a result, lectotypes are designated for six names (Heliophytum anchusifolium (Poir.) DC. var. angustifolium DC., Heliotropium claussenii A. DC. f. robustior Chodat, H. inundatum Sw. f. elliptica Chodat & Hassl., H. margaritense Hassl. ex I. M. Johnst., H. salicoides Cham., and Tournefortia elegans Cham.) and second-step lectotypes for two names (Heliotropium andinum Rusby and H. maximum Chodat & Hassl.). Furthermore, remarks on types of three names (Heliotropium chrysanthum Phil., H. rugosum Phil., and T. paniculata Cham.) are provided.

A new name, Pterostylis neopolyphylla M. Idrees & J. M. H. Shaw (Orchidaceae), is proposed as a replacement name for Diplodium polyphyllum D. L. Jones & C. J. French because the previously published name for this taxon in Pterostylis R. Br., P. polyphylla (D. L. Jones & C. J. French) D. L. Jones & C. J. French, is an illegitimate later homonym of P. polyphylla Colenso.

Botanical explorations in the alpine zone of the Shahvar and Shah Kouh Mountains from Semnan and Golestan Provinces (northeastern Iran) led to the collection of interesting specimens of the genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae). Taxonomic study of these plants and comparison with determined plant specimens showed that the specimens belong to an unknown species. I describe it as S. aminiradii Gholipour, belonging to section Auriculatae (Boiss.) Schischk. from northeastern Iran. The new species is compared with S. lucida Chowdhuri and S. crispans Litv. as the most similar species. Silene aminiradii is a caespitose perennial alpine gynodioecious plant with prostrate stems covered with dense, retrorsely simple hairs. The distribution, ecological features, reproductive phenology, and photos of S. aminiradii are presented.

A new species of Piper L. (Piperaceae) from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Peru, P. callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram., is described and illustrated, and morphological comparisons with similar species are discussed. Piper callejasii is distinguished by its stigmas being sessile, rather than on a long style as in four similar species. Its conservation status is suggested to be Endangered.

Isoetes baodongii Y. F. Gu, Y. H. Yan & Yi J. Lu (Isoetaceae) is here described as a newly discovered, rare and endangered species of quillwort from eastern China. It has a basic diploid chromosome count of 2n = 22. Isoetes baodongii is similar to I. sinensis T. C. Palmer in its overall appearance and was previously misidentified as such. It differs from I. sinensis in its chromosome number and in megaspore ornamentation. In I. baodongii, both the proximal surface and distal surface of the megaspore are echinato-cristate, whereas in I. sinensis the proximal surface is echinate and the distal surface echinato-cristate. Microspores of I. baodongii have echinate ornamentation.

Sciodaphyllum montanum Idárraga, Jiménez-Mont. & Lowry and S. undulatum Jiménez-Mont., Idárraga & Lowry (Araliaceae) from the northern region of the Central and Western Cordilleras of the Andes in Colombia are described and illustrated. Sciodaphyllum montanum differs from other members of the genus mainly by a bulging disc up to 1.1 mm in height and a 3- to 4-carpellate ovary, and S. undulatum is distinguished by its undulate leaflet margin and the conspicuous scarlike amorphous lenticel 4.9–11 mm in diameter located abaxially on the base of the petiole. Notes are provided on possible taxonomic affinities of each species, as well as on their ecology and geographic distribution. Extinction risk assessments are given following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, which indicate that both S. montanum and S. undulatum are Near Threatened (NT).

Se describen e ilustran Sciodaphyllum montanum Idárraga, Jiménez-Mont. & Lowry y S. undulatum Jiménez-Mont., Idárraga & Lowry (Araliaceae) del norte de las cordilleras Central y Occidental de los Andes colombianos. Sciodaphyllum montanum se diferencia de otros miembros del género principalmente por un disco abultado de hasta 1.1 mm de altura y un ovario de 3–4 carpelos, mientras que S. undulatum se distingue por su margen ondulada del folíolo y por una conspicua lenticela amorfa en forma de cicatriz de 4.9–11 mm de diámetro situada abaxialmente en la base del pecíolo. Se proveen notas sobre las posibles afinidades taxonómicas, ecología y distribución geográfica para cada especie. Se presenta la evaluación del riesgo de extinción siguiendo los criterios de la Lista Roja IUCN, la cual indica una categoría de Casi Amenazada (NT) para S. montanum y S. undulatum.

Astragalus dinawarii Bidarlord & F. Ghahrem. (Fabaceae) is described as a new species based on material collected on the Talesh Mountains, northwestern Iran. This species belongs to a large bifurcating section, Astragalus L. sect. Incani DC. Morphologically, it is close to A. bukanensis Maassoumi & Podlech, A. diversus Podlech & Maassoumi, and A. dilutuloides Maassoumi, F. Ghahrem. & Bagheri, sharing several densely hairy leaflets and stipitate legumes. This species is easily distinguished from similar species by a set of both vegetative and reproductive characters such as size, shape, number of leaflets, shorter calyx, and longer legume stipe. A detailed description and comparisons with similar taxa, color images, distribution and habitat, and conservation status of the new species are provided.

Guettarda L. (Rubiaceae) as traditionally circumscribed has been found to be polyphyletic in molecular analyses. Tournefortiopsis Rusby has been separated from it based on details of inflorescence arrangement, pyrene shape, and molecular analyses. We here find additional characters that distinguish this genus: valvate-induplicate corolla lobes and apical horns on the pyrenes. Some features that are usually consistent within species and often genera of Rubiaceae vary within some species of Tournefortiopsis, especially pubescence form and number of corolla lobes and locules. Our taxonomic review of this genus recognizes 12 species found in Central America and perhaps southern Mexico, the Lesser Antilles, and northern and Andean South America, and finds its center of diversity in the Andes of Colombia. Chomelia torrana C. M. Taylor is here transferred to Tournefortiopsis, and four species are newly described here plus one recently recognized variety is raised to species status, all in South America: T. crassifolia (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger, T. deviana C. M. Taylor, T. robusta C. M. Taylor, T. sopkinii C. M. Taylor, and T. tamboana C. M. Taylor. Tournefortiopsis crispiflora (Vahl) Borhidi is here treated as widespread and morphologically variable, with a complex of forms that are not distinctive but completely separable and with notable diversification in Central America and the northern Andes. Four subspecies of T. crispiflora are recognized, with one circumscribed differently than previously and one newly described, T. crispiflora subsp. delicatula C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger. The identity and characters of T. dependens (Ruiz & Pav.) Borhidi are clarified, and it is more widely distributed than previously noted. Six names are lectotypified.

Three new species of Lauraceae are described and illustrated and their relationships are discussed. One new species, Beilschmiedia vohemarensis van der Werff, is endemic to Madagascar and differs from the similar B. microphylla (Kosterm.) Kosterm. in its type of pubescence and habitat. Licaria monsalveae van der Werff is restricted to the Choco region of Colombia and differs from the similar L. brasiliensis (Nees) Kosterm. in its tomentulose, not appressed pubescence. Ocotea sacculifera van der Werff is only known from Bolivia and differs from all other species of Ocotea Aubl. in its pouchlike domatia.

During the preparation of the treatment of the family Cordiaceae for the Flora of Argentina project, some names were identified as requiring clarification following the Shenzhen Code. In this context, a lectotype is designated for Patagonula americana L. var. glabra Cham., a second-step lectotype for Varronia dichotoma Ruiz & Pav., and updates and supporting information for four names already typified by I. M. Johnston (Cordia guaranitica Chodat & Hassl., C. salicina DC., Lithocardium gerascanthus (L.) Kuntze var. puberulum Kuntze, and Saccellium lanceolatum Bonpl.) are provided. Furthermore, remarks on the type of P. tweediana Miers are provided.

Petrocodon anoectochilus F. Wen & B. Pan, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi and Guizhou in southwestern China, is described and illustrated. Although the leaf morphology of this new species looks similar to that of P. coriaceifolius (Y. G. Wei) Y. G. Wei & Mich. Möller and P. pseudocoriaceifolius Yan Liu & W. B. Xu, this remarkable new species can be easily distinguished from all other species of Petrocodon s.l. (the two above-mentioned species included) by the shape and color of its memorable corolla. Because of its restricted distribution and threatened environment, the current conservation status of this species should be assessed temporarily as “Endangered.”

A total of nine species of Anthurium Schott sect. Calomystrium Schott (Araceae) from Venezuela are treated. Most of the species have been confused with A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth; a dichotomous key to distinguish them is provided. All but one of these species are endemic to the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela. Seven species are described as new: A. alfcardozoi Croat, A. coltovarense Croat, A. galipanense Croat, A. georgetatei Croat, A. guaicaipurense Croat & M. Hanson, A. hansonianum Croat, and A. ronliesneri Croat. One additional species, Anthurium species #1, is included in the key and is fully described but is not being formally published owing to inadequate material. In addition, A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth is redescribed, and a more complete description is provided since it is a close relative to several of the species treated here.

A new species, Frullania tibetica Mamontov & J. J. Atwood, is described and illustrated from Tibet, China. The species is morphologically similar to F. parvistipula Steph. in its slender leafy shoots, caducous and broadly ovate dorsal lobes, consistently inflated and galeate lobules, and obcuneate underleaves with toothed lateral margins. The new species differs in its more parallel lobule position and unequally sized lobule mouth valves on well-developed shoots, broader styli, irregularly repand gynoecial lobes, lack of gemmae on the leaf margins, and perianths with a densely tuberculate and spinose ornamentation. Based on the combination of its size, presumptively dioicous sexuality, lobe, lobule, and underleaf morphology, terminal position of the gynoecia on the stem, and trigonous, conspicuously armed perianths, F. tibetica is referable to Frullania Raddi subg. Trachycolea Spruce sect. Trachycolea (Spruce) Grolle.