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18 June 2024 Caught out in the cold: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) survival decreased during an extreme climatic event
Abigail G. Blake-Bradshaw, Nicholas M. Masto, Cory J. Highway, Allison C. Keever, Paul T. Link, Jamie C. Feddersen, Heath M. Hagy, Douglas C. Osborne, Bradley S. Cohen
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Extreme climatic events (ECEs) can have profound impacts on individual fitness, affecting survival directly or indirectly. Late winter ECEs may be especially detrimental to fitness due to limited food resources and increased energetic requirements during this time. A polar vortex disruption ECE descended upon the mid-continental United States during February 7–20, 2021 with temperatures as low as –29°C in areas concurrent with ongoing research on Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) movement ecology and survival in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee, United States spanning winters 2019–2022. Therefore, we opportunistically evaluated the effects of individual characteristics and latitude on daily survival during the ECE. We extended the survival analysis to March to test for lasting effects of the ECE on survival. We tracked 181 Global Positioning System (GPS)-marked A. platyrhynchos during February 2020, 256 in February 2021, and 324 in February 2022. We documented 22 mortalities during the February 2021 ECE (i.e., 9%), but only 6 mortalities during February 2020 (i.e., 2%) and 2022 (i.e., 1%) when conditions were average. February survival (e.g., 28-day survival) during the ECE was 0.908 (85% CI: 0.879–0.937) but was 0.982 (85% CI: 0.973–0.991) during the 2 non-ECE Februaries. The ECE effect on survival was isolated to February and did not affect March survival. Anas platyrhynchos was 5.4 times more likely to die during the ECE in 2021 compared to non-ECE Februaries. Although large-bodied waterfowl appear cold-tolerant and less sensitive to polar vortex disruptions compared to smaller-bodied passerines, direct mortalities can occur if conditions are severe enough and persist, highlighting the need to consider the influence of ECEs on common, seemingly robust species in future global climate change scenarios.

How to Cite Blake-Bradshaw, A. G., N. M. Masto, C. J. Highway, A. C. Keever, P. T. Link, J. C. Feddersen, H. M. Hagy, D. C. Osborne, and B. S. Cohen (2024). Caught out in the cold: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) survival decreased during an extreme climatic event. Ornithological Applications 126:duae025.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Understanding the effects of extreme climatic events (ECEs) on an individual's survival guides wildlife management in the face of future global climate change scenarios.

  • A 2-week long extreme winter weather event occurred in February 2021 and overlapped with our ongoing research monitoring Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) using Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry.

  • We evaluated the influence of the February 2021 ECE on A. platyrhynchos survival by comparing survival during the ECE to survival during February 2020 and 2022, with the assumption that there would be greater mortality during the 2021 ECE.

  • Anas platyrhynchos was 5 times more likely to die during the ECE compared to “normal” February conditions.

  • These results emphasize the need to monitor the effects of ECEs, even for common and cold-hardy species, as these extreme events become increasingly frequent and severe.

Los eventos climáticos extremos (ECEs) pueden tener impactos profundos en la aptitud biológica individual, afectando la supervivencia directa o indirectamente. Los ECEs de finales de invierno pueden ser especialmente perjudiciales para la aptitud biológica debido a las limitaciones de los recursos alimentarios y los mayores requerimientos energéticos durante este tiempo. Un ECE de disrupción de vórtice polar descendió sobre la región centro-continental de Estados Unidos durante el 7 al 20 de febrero 2021 con temperaturas tan bajas como – 29°C en áreas concurrentes con una investigación en curso sobre la ecología del movimiento y la supervivencia de Anas platyrhynchos en Arkansas, Luisiana y Tennessee, Estados Unidos, abarcando los inviernos de 2019 a 2022. Por lo tanto, de modo oportunista evaluamos los efectos de las características individuales y la latitud sobre la supervivencia diaria durante el ECE. Extendimos el análisis de supervivencia hasta marzo para probar los efectos duraderos del ECE sobre la supervivencia. Rastreamos 181 individuos de A. platyrhynchos marcados con GPS durante febrero 2020, 256 en febrero 2021 y 324 en febrero 2022. Documentamos 22 muertes durante el ECE de febrero 2021 (i.e., 9%), pero solo 6 muertes durante febrero 2020 (i.e., 2%) y 2022 (i.e., 1%) cuando las condiciones eran normales. La supervivencia en febrero (e.g., supervivencia de 28 días) durante el ECE fue de 0.908 (IC del 85% = 0.879–0.937) pero fue de 0.982 (IC del 85%: 0.973–0.991) durante los dos febreros sin ECE. El efecto del ECE sobre la supervivencia se limitó a febrero y no afectó la supervivencia en marzo. Los individuos de A. platyrhynchos tenían 5.4 veces más probabilidades de morir durante el ECE de 2021 en comparación con los febreros sin ECE. Aunque las aves acuáticas de gran tamaño parecen tolerantes al frío y menos sensibles a las disrupciones del vórtice polar en comparación con los paseriformes de tamaño más pequeño, pueden ocurrir muertes directas si las condiciones son lo suficientemente severas y persisten, destacando la necesidad de considerar la influencia de los ECEs en especies comunes y aparentemente robustas en futuros escenarios de cambio climático global.

Abigail G. Blake-Bradshaw, Nicholas M. Masto, Cory J. Highway, Allison C. Keever, Paul T. Link, Jamie C. Feddersen, Heath M. Hagy, Douglas C. Osborne, and Bradley S. Cohen "Caught out in the cold: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) survival decreased during an extreme climatic event," Ornithological Applications 126(4), 1-9, (18 June 2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae025
Received: 16 February 2024; Accepted: 30 May 2024; Published: 18 June 2024
KEYWORDS
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas platyrhynchos
aves acuáticas
Cambio climático
climate change
disrupción de vórtice polar
eventos climáticos extremos
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