Cacocharis is a small Neotropical genus comprised of two species: C. albimacula Walsingham, 1872 and C. cymotoma (Meyrick 1917). The synonymy of Olethreutes canofascia Forbes 1930 (new syn.) with C. cymotoma is proposed. The two recognized species are sympatric in the Caribbean on Jamaica, Dominica, and St. Vincent, indicating considerable independent dispersal or inadvertent introduction events. Based on literature and specimen sources, the larval food plants for the genus are Phyllanthus acidus Skeels and P. niuri L. (Euphorbiaceae), which are widely known for their medicinal properties. A possible explanation for the high level of sympatry of the moth species in the Caribbean is that they have been transported throughout the region along with their larval hosts.

A distinctive new species of the extinct ephydroid fly genus, Protocamilla Hennig (Camillidae), is described in mid-Eocene (45 myo) Baltic amber: Protocamilla groehni, n.sp. The unique male specimen has pedunculate eyes, which is presumably a sexual dimorphism as in Drosophilidae. Fore tarsi are also sexually dimorphic. This is the fifth ephydroid to be described from Baltic amber and the only hypercephalic ephydroid known outside the Drosophilidae. The phylogenetic position of Protocamilla is briefly discussed.

The mature nymph of Strophopteryx appalachia Ricker and Ross is described and illustrated for the first time from specimens collected from Pennsylvania and Virginia. With this description, the nymphs of all five Nearctic Strophopteryx species are now described. A key is given for mature nymphs of Nearctic Strophopteryx.

Wockia koreana Sohn, n. sp., is described from Korea, representing the first record of Urodidae in eastern Asia. Biological and distributional data including host-plant records are provided. Photographs of the holotype and dimorphic antennal and hind tibial features are included in addition to illustrations of wing venation and male and female genitalia.

Gymnopternus pugnaceus , n. sp., is described, and G. maculiventris Van Duzee, and G. despicatus Loew are redescribed from types and new material. SEM illustrations are provided of details of genitalia of 13 species of the genus.

Eight species of mayflies described in Baetis Leach from California are evaluated for validity, generic classification, and distribution. Taxonomic status quo is maintained for the southwestern Baetis adonis Traver [ =  B. sp. A Morihara and McCafferty,  =  B. caelestis Allen and Murvosh], B. devinctus Traver [synonym of Diphetor hageni (Eaton)], and B. leechi Day [synonym of Fallceon quilleri (Dodds)]. Baetis alius Day is shown to be common in the northwestern U.S.A. and somewhat variable but distinctive as larvae; B. moqui Wiersema, Nelson and Kuehnl is shown to be a junior synonym of B. alius, new synonym. Baetis diablus Day is correctly placed to genus but remains unknown as larvae and has been rarely taken only in California; it is possibly a variant of B. tricaudatus Dodds. Baetis palisadi Mayo is correctly placed to genus, and based on discovered larvae has diagnostic mandibles and labial palpi among rhodani group species; it is apparently endemic to California and of environmental concern. Baetis piscatoris Traver is correctly placed to genus, relatively common in California, and based on discovered larvae is the only known rhodani group species with elongate gills. Baetis sulfurosus Day belongs in Fallceon Waltz and McCafferty, as evidenced by discovered larvae; it is also a junior synonym of the western F. thermophilos (McDunnnough), new combination, new synonym, and is distinct from western congeners by size and color pattern of larvae, and hindwings and subgenital plate of adults.

The current taxonomic status of three species of Aphomia Hübner and one species of Paralipsa Butler that occur in the United States and Canada is clarified and keys to their identification are provided. A lectotype is designated for Paralipsa decorella Hulst, which is transferred to Aphomia (n. comb.) and treated as a junior synonym of A. terrenella Zeller (n. syn.). Preliminary morphological research indicates that Aphomia fuscolimbella Ragonot does not belong in Aphomia as currently defined. Its placement is unknown. Because no specimens other than the type of A. fuscolimbella are known from the Western Hemisphere, the presumed North American origin of this species is considered unlikely. A brief discussion of biological associations is included.

The common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus) and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus) are introduced Palearctic leaf beetles that feed exclusively on asparagus. The introduction history of these species in North America is reviewed and their dispersal to and distribution in the Maritime Provinces of Canada are described. Both species were first reported in Canada in 1899 in asparagus production areas in Queenston, Ontario, and other parts of the Niagara Peninsula where they caused serious crop damage. However, we discovered that both species were already found around Québec City 22 years earlier. Populations now established in the Maritime Provinces of Canada probably originated from southwestern Ontario where most commercial asparagus production in Canada began and now occurs. Crioceris asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata spread steadily throughout eastern Canada by adult flight dispersal abetted by wind, by the dissemination of seeds by birds, and by commercial movement of root crowns and spears of asparagus. Asparagus escaped from cultivation, growing along transportation corridors (such as railway tracks, power utility right-of-ways and roads) and in vacant lands, which facilitated the spread and establishment of C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata throughout North America. Now, both these adventive pest species occur wherever asparagus is grown. Both C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata are confirmed to occur in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but not Newfoundland and Labrador. However, C. duodecimpunctata is newly recorded from Prince Edward Island. These introduced beetles are not regulated by Canada or by the U.S.A., and they are readily controlled at economically acceptable damage thresholds.

A new monotypic genus and species of predaceous midge from Costa Rica, Spinellihelea brevicosta Borkent, Grogan, and Picado is described and illustrated. Phylogenetic interpretation of the group of Ceratopogonini in which females have their clypei fused laterally to the eyes, indicates that Spinellihelea is the sister group of Fittkauhelea Wirth and Blanton and that it likely arose in the Neotropical Region. The genus Leptohelea Wirth and Blanton is newly placed in a monophyletic group with Fittkauhelea, Spinellihelea, Diaphanobezzia Ingram and Macfie and Parabezzia Malloch.

Eriosocia Razowski and Brown, new genus, is described to accommodate Laspeyresia guttifera Meyrick, 1913 (type locality: Paraguay), resulting in the new combination Eriosocia guttifera (Meyrick). Several morphological features contradict its recent assignment to Cydia as well as Grapholitini, and a reassessment of characters suggests that the genus is best placed provisionally in Enarmoniini. Eriosocia is recorded from Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), the Caribbean (Dominica), and South America (Brazil, Colombia, French Guyana, Paraguay, and Venezuela). Larvae of Eriosocia have been reared on numerous occasions in Colombia and Panama from the fruit of Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel (Clusiaceae).

Arvelius thomasi, n. sp., collected at the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México, is described and illustrated. A key to separate the five Mexican species, and illustrations of the male genitalia of these species and of the head and pronotum of the new species are provided.

Species of the abbotii and erythrogaster groups of Nematus Panzer are revised. The abbotii group includes N. abbotii (Kirby), N. laticulus (Noton), and N. tertius, n. sp. The erythrogaster group includes N. carpini (Marlatt), N. corylus Cresson, N. erythrogaster Norton, N. hamamelis, n. sp., and N. latifasciatus Cresson. Pteronus dyari Marlatt, 1896, is a new synonym of Nematus latifasciatus Cresson, 1880. The species are described, illustrated, and keyed. All occur in eastern North America with two species extending west to Alberta and British Columbia. Host plants are species of Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya (Corylaceae), Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae), and Robinia (Fabaceae).

Two new species of the Nearctic perlid genus Perlesta, P. durfeei Kondratieff, Zuellig, and Kirchner and P. georgiae Kondratieff, Zuellig, and Lenat are described and illustrated from Virginia and North Carolina, U.S.A., respectively.

Phytomyza rufipes Meigen (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a leafmining pest of Brassicaceae in Europe and other regions of the world. Once reported from Oregon in the United States, this record has since been found to be a misidentification. Here we report P. rufipes for the first time from California. We compare mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sequences of two specimens from California and one specimen from Lithuania. The two sequences from California specimens were identical and only a single nucleotide different from the Lithuanian specimen. This pattern is consistent with previous suggestions that New World populations of P. rufipes are the result of introductions. We provide information for the identification of P. rupifes using existing keys and for its discrimination from other Phytomyza in the United States.

We provide descriptions and illustrations for identification of Phestinia costella Hampson, a stem gall producer on the invasive plant Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae) that has been investigated for biological control measures. Specimens collected from C. odorata on Trinidad and Tobago and reported in the literature as Mescinia sp. nr. parvula Zeller were reexamined and identified as P. costella, except for two females identified as an undetermined species of Mescinia Ragonot. We subjected P. costella to comparative examination with species in related genera and concluded that its current generic placement should remain until a broader phylogenetic treatment of these genera can be undertaken. We diagnose the species, describe the previously unknown male, larva, and pupa, and expand the distribution. Biology and rearing procedures are discussed.

The eggs, larvae, and pupae of Ophrida xanthospilota (Baly) are described and illustrated for the first time.

Atomosia arkansensis , new species, is described from specimens collected in blackland prairie in southern Arkansas, and Atomosia tibialis is reported the first time from North America north of Mexico. A new key to Nearctic Atomosia species is presented. Atomosia melanopogon and A. mucida are noted to be sexually dimorphic. In addition to more standard characters, the open or closed condition of cell r₅ and the length of the pedicel and flagellum relative to the length of the scape are used to distinguish similar species. Lectotypes are designated for Atomosia mucida, Atomosia puella, and Atomosia sayii. Atomosia echemon is synonymized with A. puella (new synonymy), and A. mucidoides is synonymized with A. sayii (new synonymy).

The original placement of Thrassis peninsularis Lewis, 1994, is discussed in the light of the diagnostic characters of the genus Thrassis Jordan 1933. It is concluded that the taxon was originally misplaced and it should be placed in its own genus, namely Parathrassis, n. gen. Diagnostic characters which set this new genus apart are enumerated, and Thrassis peninsularis is designated its type species. Parathrassis peninsularis is a new combination.

Holcocera cerradicola , n. sp., is described from the Brazilian cerrado in Paraná. Adults were obtained from field-collected larvae from fruits of two leguminous plant species, Bauhinia holophylla Steud (Caesalpinioideae) and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Mimosoideae). These observations represent the first documented association between Holcocerini and Leguminosae. A photograph of the holotype and illustrations of wing venation and male and female genitalia are provided.

The three known species of the genus Tethina Haliday (T. albula (Loew), T. insulans Curran, and T. spinulosa Coe) from the Galápagos Islands are reviewed with an emphasis on structures of the male terminalia, which are illustrated (no males are known for T. insulans Curran). Tethina albula and T. spinulosa are reported for the first time from the Islands.

The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Scudder in Comstock) is a common pest of several southern pine species. Some tip moth research requires the sexing of pupae in order to collect emerging adults of known ages or unmated females. Characters for determining the sex of tip moth pupae were originally described in 1969. Here, we revise one of the published characters and describe seven new characters that may be used for gender determination. The new sexually dimorphic characters are: articulation of the seventh abdominal segment, dorsal spines of the second abdominal segment, length of the metathoracic tarsi, distribution of cremasteral setae, shape of the mandibular sclerite, antenna length and antenna shape.

The whitefly genus Tetraleurodes Cockerell is revised from Taiwan. Three species, T. acaciae (Quaintance), T. graminis Takahashi, and T. oplismeni Takahashi are recognized. Tetraleurodes acaciae is new to Taiwan. The puparia and adults of these three species are described and illustrated. New host records are given. Identification keys to puparia and adults are provided.

The female and male reproductive systems of Hoplia subcostata Bates and Hoplia squamifera Burmeister are described. The female reproductive systems of both species are similar, consisting of two ovaries, each with six ovarioles and two lateral oviducts, the common oviduct, bursa copulatrix, spermatheca with its gland, two accessory glands, and three pairs of genital plates. However, the forms of genital plates of H. subcostata and H. squamifera differ. The male reproductive systems in both species also are similar, but the aedeagus differs in shape and proportions. The reproductive system in males consists of two testes, each testis with six follicles, two vasa deferentia, two accessory glands, ejaculatory bulb, ejaculatory duct, and an aedeagus.

Archips xylosteana (L.), a widespread Palearctic tortricid moth, is reported from four localities in St. John's, Newfoundland, the first records of this species in North America. Adults were found on a variety of ornamental trees and shrubs on the campus of Memorial University in August 2005 and 2006. This immigrant tortricid, a minor pest of rosaceous fruit trees and shrubs, is redescribed and diagnosed. Photographs of the adult male and female are provided to facilitate its recognition. Its worldwide distribution and biology are summarized.

Diprion hani Smith and Cho, n. sp., is described from Korea. A description and illustrations of the female, male, and larva are given. This species was found feeding on Pinus koraiensis Sief. & Zucc. and Pinus strobus L. (Pinaceae) in Chungcheongbuk-do Province in 2007.