We analyzed the composition and spatial variations of soil seed banks of plant species and densities of soil seed banks in Prosopis juliflora invaded and noninvaded grasslands.

Soil samples were collected from soil layers of 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 9 cm. The highest density of 1,037 ± 633 seedlings/m2 was recovered from a soil depth of 3 to 6 cm. But, the lowest density of 461 ± 315 seedlings/m² was recovered from the depth of 0 to 3 cm.

In noninvaded grasslands, the lowest density of 94 ± 32 seedlings/m2 was germinated in the soil depth of 0 to 3 cm. In Prosopis juliflora grasslands at the 3 to 6 cm, the density was 519 ± 257 seedlings/m², but 1,484 ± 1,144 seedlings/m2 was in the noninvaded grasslands at the depth of 3 to 6 cm.

Our findings have implications for recovery of rangelands after disturbances.

We tested the hypothesis that recurrent fires may limit juniper expansion into southwestern semiarid grasslands and savannas.

Seven large fires at Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, burned 38% of the grasslands and dynamic savannas between 1995 and 2017.

Mortality of one-seed junipers (Juniperus monosperma) was >50% among smaller trees (<2 m tall), <40% among larger trees (>2 m tall), and 0% in trees >4 m tall.

Herbaceous vegetation recovered within 2 to 3 years postfire.

This suggests that fires may have limited juniper expansion historically and that fire may be an option for controlling juniper expansion and restoring grassland/savanna ecosystems today.

Rangeland-based livestock raising is the only agricultural production system that maintains native plant communities, providing ecosystem services in the same space as food and fiber production.

Annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) underlies forage production and multiple ecosystem services. ANPP is highly variable in rangelands in the western United States, across the landscape, from year to year, and within a growing season. Variability is also increasing as the climate changes.

Grazing management decisions that determine when, where, and how much of ANPP is consumed by livestock, including stocking rate decisions, can ultimately determine rangeland health and the future sustainability of livestock production and provision of ecosystem services.

Yet managers' access to data on available forage and its variability is limited, and existing field methods to quantify forage production accurately require extensive sampling and are prone to errors or bias.

A variety of remotely sensed data sources exist to help characterize forage availability and how it has varied spatially and temporally over the last 30 or more years, as well as other datasets that can estimate available forage and inaccessible terrain for livestock.

We discuss the need for a state-of-the-art decision support tool that integrates available remote-sensing data on forage availability with land managers' knowledge of local needs and information for managers to access to the depth and breadth of information they need to sustainably manage grazing under variable and changing conditions.

Such a decision support tool could help land managers better manage rangeland ecosystems with flexible stocking rates and adaptive grazing management opportunities that adjust to variations in ANPP, leading to increased regional and site-specific rangeland resilience.

Climate projections indicate the Great Plains will experience higher mean temperatures and greater interannual precipitation variability in the future.

Greater precipitation variability will challenge the economic viability of rangeland beef cattle production by further disrupting forage supply and animal demand.

Beef producers are uncertain of future climate impacts, indicating assistance with adaptive strategies is needed.

Private-state-national partnerships may help sustain rangelands and economically viable beef cattle production with increasing climate variability.