Introduced hornets increase natural enemies and stress factors detrimental to honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Hornets are slightly bigger than honey bee drones, the largest member of A. mellifera colonies, offering a possibility of excluding hornets from entering hives because of their larger size. Using screen with an appropriate size of holes allowed free flow of honey bees and may impede the passage of larger predators, including hornets. Metal screens with 0.74 cm holes were installed in eight honey bee hives, using eight colonies without screens for comparison. Colonies with screens produced significantly more honey than did colonies without screens, and no differences were found in the accumulation of pollen or presence of brood between colonies with or without screens. Results indicated the screens were not detrimental to reproduction and honey production by the colonies, but had a beneficial side effect on colony fitness, probably my reducing robbing. Vespa crabro from preserved museum specimens were as small as 0.64 cm at its widest dimension, V. velutina 0.70 cm, while V. mandarinia might not pass through a screen hole smaller than 1.1 cm. Honey bee drones had a maximum metathorax width of 0.6 cm, suggesting that mesh with a hole size slightly larger than 0.60 cm might be appropriate to exclude these hornet species without decreasing productive and reproductive parameters of honey bee colonies.

The 3-year study compared emergence of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), between seed-blend and structured-refuge systems in the field. Blocks of 95:5% (Bt:non-Bt) seed blend of Bt (P1401VYHR) and non-Bt (P1498R) maize, Zea mays L., were planted in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, blocks of 90:10% seed blend of Bt (DKC66-29) and non-Bt (DKC66-94) maize were planted. Emergence of H. zea from structured and seed-blend refuge ears was monitored using aluminum screen cages. In addition, data were gathered on the presence of Bt toxins in tip kernels of non-Bt ears from seed blend refuge plots. Significantly fewer H. zea were found in seed blend refuge ears compared to structured refuge ears in 2 of 3 years of the study. Also, the amount of damage by H. zea was significantly less in non-Bt ears from the seed blend than structured refuge ears. The percentage of kernels from non-Bt ears of seed blend refuge with expression of at least one Bt toxin ranged from 52 to 76% during 3 years of the study. Results agreed with past studies that much pollen flows from Bt plants to refuge plants in a seed blend refuge system, resulting in a mosaic of kernels expressing single or multiple Bt toxins. Such a mosaic of non-Bt and kernels with single and/or multiple toxin in a seed blend refuge system can ultimately result in less survival and emergence of H. zea.

Pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a serious threat to pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production. In California, the pest causes major damage in southern regions where peppers are produced, but is not considered a serious pest in the Central Coast region. However, in recent years, A. eugenii consistently has caused severe yield losses in Central Coast counties of California. In 2016 and 2017, 60-63 pepper fields in the region were monitored from May-November using pheromone-baited yellow sticky traps. Total numbers of adult pepper weevils captured in traps were 1,106 and 3,100 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Abundance of adults peaked during the production season. In 2016, the peak was in mid-September. The first of two peaks in 2017 was in June at the beginning of the season and the second was in September-October. During June-July, when pepper weevils were sprayed with insecticide, few weevils, about two per field, were counted. Starting in August (which overlapped with decreased application of insecticide), fields became very infested until the end of October in 2016 and mid-November in 2017. Peak numbers of adults captured in late season varied between years, with 330 and 463 captured in September 2016 and 2017, respectively. From October onward in both years, fruit drop with various stages of weevils inside was observed in some infested fields.

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Gennadius, 1889), es un complejo de especies crípticas plaga de varios cultivos. En la última década, se reportó el desplazamiento del grupo genético nativo de América por la especie invasiva de Medio Oriente-Asia Menor 1 (MEAM1) que cambió el estado de su distribución. El objetivo de este estudio fue la identificación del grupo genético de B. tabaci, basados en el fragmento del gen marcador citocromo oxidasa I mitocondrial (mtCOI), así como, la detección de virus pertenecientes al grupo de los Begomovirus en B. tabaci mediante la amplificación de la región intergénica (IR). La identificación del grupo genético se llevó a cabo con insectos adultos (n = 210), los cuales se alimentaron de cultivos de Solanaceas y Cucurbitaceas en 2016 y 2017. Se determinó la presencia de Begomovirus confirmando su papel como vector viral. La reconstrucción filogenética de B. tabaci de Baja California Sur basada en el gen mtCOI demostró que la población estudiada formó un grupo monofilético con miembros del grupo genético de MEAM1. El análisis de parsimonia de mtCOI indicó una divergencia genética menor al valor de corte del 4% (rango de 0.0 a 1.69%) de la población analizada con miembros previamente reportados del grupo genético MEAM1. Se logró la detección de la región IR específica para los Begomovirus. Con base a los resultados obtenidos se sugiere que B. tabaci en Solanaceas y Cucurbitaceas de BCS, una región agrícola aislada, pertenecen al grupo genético MEAM1. Este grupo genético se caracteriza por llevar a cabo una transmisión más eficiente de los Begomovirus. La presencia de mosca blanca perteneciente al grupo genético MEAM1 pudo haber sido por la introducción de plantas portadoras de esta plaga provenientes de regiones distantes.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop worldwide, mostly because of resistance to insecticide that has been associated with endosymbionts. Although knowledge of biotypes in the B. tabaci complex and its endosymbionts is critical for developing pest management strategies, limited information is available on the pest in the Culiacan Province of Mexico. In total, 249 samples of whiteflies were collected from tomato plants of four growers in the Culiacan Valley to analyze the genetic identity of the B. tabaci complex and its endosymbionts. PCR and phylogenetic analyses on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1) revealed MEAM1, MED, and indigenous genetic groups in 53, 19, and 28%, respectively, of B. tabaci on tomatoes. Individual whiteflies were examined for endosymbionts through specific primers and phylogenetic analyses on the 16S rRNA and the 23S rRNA genes. Incidence of Portiera, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, and Cardinium was 81, 46, 28, 9, and 13%, respectively, in the B. tabaci samples analyzed. A new bacterium-endosymbiont in the genus Orientia was found and described in 63% of the samples of B. tabaci. A mixture of the endosymbionts Rickettsia+UAS_511+Cardinium was observed in 10% of samples of B. tabaci MED, while in the MEAM1 biotype, a combination of Hamiltonella+UAS_511 was in 32% of the samples analyzed. The study highlights the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci and its endosymbionts throughout the Culiacan Province and provides evidence for control of the insect pest.

Pests are a threat to agricultural production. Botanically based insecticides can cause less acute and chronic risk to human health and the environment while controlling, repelling, and/or modifying insect pest behavior to mitigate damage to the human-valued resource. Botanicals can be a management option to reduce reliance on use of synthetic insecticide. Efficacies of botanical powders of rue (Ruta graveolens L.), creosote bush (Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. Ex DC.) Coville), and dense mistletoe (Phoradendron densum Torr. ex Trel.) were evaluated against first-instar larvae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in a laboratory. Fifteen replications were used of dehydrated, powdered, plant foliage from the three plant species at six concentrations of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, and 0.96 g and a nontreated check mixed with 12 g of artificial diet. The number of armyworms dead at 10 days after exposure and instar development every 24 hours were recorded. At 10 days, significant numbers of armyworms were killed by all plant powders. Development of S. frugiperda varied with the plant species and concentration: P. densum and L. tridentata were effective at all concentrations against larvae. P. densum was effective in preventing adult eclosion, although at 0.03 g, 6.7% of the larvae developed to the pupal stage. Non treated fall armyworms of the check completed the life cycle. Creosote bush, rue, and dense mistletoe botanical powders were promising alternatives for managing fall armyworm without insecticide.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop for personal consumption and marketing, but production can be affected by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). The objectives of the research were to determine species of parasitoids associated with the fall armyworm at three localities in Tamaulipas and to evaluate natural parasitism and determine the species most frequent at the sampling sites. S. frugiperda larvae were collected at the municipalities of Güémez, Llera, and Victoria, and its development was continued until adult parasitoids or S. frugiperda emerged. The effect of collection date and natural parasitism in S. frugiperda was evaluated with two logistic regressions of binary response. Probability of occurrence of the species was estimated with a multinomial logistic regression. Seven species of parasitoids were obtained. Most parasitism was at Victoria and Güémez in March, with least at Güémez in September. According to model estimation, most parasitoid activity would be expected at Victoria in March; in addition to minimal total parasitism of 21.8%. Most parasitism was 11.4% by Chelonus (Chelonus) sonorensis Cresson, followed by Campoletis sonorensis Cameron, with 6.1%. Ch. sonorensis was most probable at Güémez, followed by Victoria and Llera (0.53, 0.37, and 0.34, respectively). C. sonorensis was the second most important parasitoid at Güémez and Victoria (0.31 and 0.27) while most Meteorus arizonensis Muesebeck (0.29) was at Llera. Ch. sonorensis was the most suitable species as a biological control agent against S. frugiperda at the sampled sites.

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), has become the most important insect pest of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) in Mexico after its invasion in 2013. Effectiveness of several plant extracts and dish soap were compared to flupyradifurone in a field experiment against M. sacchari on sorghum in northeastern Mexico during the fall growing season of 2016. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), and habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were not effective against M. sacchari, with density similar to the check treatment, peaking at >1,000 aphids per leaf. Dish soap killed 72% of M. sacchari within 2 hours, but aphids soon resurged and reached >500 per leaf within 6 days. Flupyradifurone was very effective at managing M. sacchari below economic threshold (<50 aphids per leaf) during 28 days. Severe damage by M. sacchari when treated with plant extracts, dish soap, or the check resulted in grain yield loss >78%, as compared to flupyradifurone. In conclusion, neem, garlic, habanero pepper, and dish soap have no potential as commercial control methods against M. sacchari under the conditions tested in this study.

The objective of the study was to identify parasitoids and amounts of parasitism of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), in 15 commercial fields of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) at Valle del Évora, near Guamúchil, Sinaloa, during the spring growing season of 2020. Three braconid parasitoids emerged from M. sacchari: Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), L. fabarum (Marshall), and L. fritzmulleri, with the latter two species being first reports for Mexico. Significantly less parasitism (52%) was observed in fields treated with sulfoxaflor, as compared to parasitism (93%) in nontreated fields.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de antibiosis y el contenido de polifenoles en cultivares comerciales de Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) sobre Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). Se evaluaron 11 cultivares de sorgo: Perla 101, Sinaloense 202, Gavatero 203, Costeño 201, Cow Vittle, Gayland Ward 9320, NK 180, DKS 26, DKS 2805, Gayland Ward 9417, y Gayland Ward 1160. Los resultados de estudios de tablas de vida del áfido en los cultivares DKS 2805 y DKS 26 exhibieron menor porcentaje de supervivencia, mayor tiempo de desarrollo ninfal y menor producción de ninfas por hembra. DKS 2805, DKS 26, y Gayland Ward 1160 provocaron menor Ro, valores más bajos de r, menores valores de λ y mayor T para M. sacchari. Los cultivares DKS 2805 y DKS 26 presentaron alto contenido de polifenoles. Estos resultados indican que DKS 2805 y DKS26 son cultivares resistentes para M. sacchari, debido a su alta actividad de antibiosis y alto contenido de polifenoles que exhibieron. La identificación de estos cultivares resistentes, proporciona a los productores de sorgo herramientas para el manejo sustentable de M. sacchari.

Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), el pulgón amarillo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) es una las principales plagas de este cultivo en México, causa daños directos como insecto chupador e indirectos por la producción de mielecilla que propicia la presencia de fumagina, lo anterior, interfiere con el proceso de la fotosíntesis en las plantas, y provoca la contaminación del grano. El trabajo experimental fue establecido en Celaya, Guanajuato, México, durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2016. Se evaluaron un total de 80 genotipos comerciales de sorgo. La evaluación de tolerancia al pulgón amarillo se realizó bajo condiciones de campo, para lo cual se establecieron seis fechas de siembra, a intervalos de 15 días, a partir del 15 de abril hasta el 30 de junio. El grado de infestación de pulgón amarillo por genotipo se estimó cada diez días después de la emergencia, se eligieron cinco plantas al azar para realizar el muestreo en la hoja inferior y superior. Además, se estimó el índice de daño y rendimiento de grano. El presente estudio permitió identificar genotipos de sorgo con tolerancia al pulgón amarillo del sorgo en México. El uso de estos materiales por los productores permitirá un umbral de manejo mayor al disminuir el número de aplicaciones de insecticidas requeridos para el control del PAS.

Berry crops in Mexico are affected by various pests, including aphids, that cause direct and indirect damage. Blackberry aphid, Aphis ruborum (Börner & Schilder) affects different berry species, among them strawberry (Fragaria spp.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. fruticosus). Because of global importance, aphids were monitored, identified, and their geographical distribution and host range determined in crops of three berry species at sites in the Mexican states of Baja California, Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla, and Tlaxcala. Based on samples analyzed, viviparous forms of A. ruborum (nymphs and wingless and winged adults) were recorded in blackberry (R. fruticosus) crops in seven counties of the State of Michoacán and two in Jalisco. Also recorded at three localities was the parasitoid Aphidius colemani. This is the first study on the geographical distribution of A. ruborum in Mexico. The information identifies its presence on R. fruticosus, with restricted distribution thus far. This supports use of systematic entomological surveillance and subsequent integrated management strategies in berry production areas of Mexico.

Los nematodos de la especie Meloidogyne incognita formadores de agallas de las raíces, son un serio problema fitosanitario en el cultivo de tomates (Solanum lycopersicum L.), por lo que es fundamental determinar la tolerancia de cultivares a nematodos y sus métodos de control con organismos biológicos. En este trabajo se determinó la tolerancia de la variedad “El Cid F1^®a cuatro niveles de inóculo de huevos de M. incognita/planta, y la efectividad para controlar al nematodo mediante el uso del hongo Paecilomyces lilacinus, la bacteria Bacillus subtilis, y el insecticida carbofurán. Se encontraron pérdidas de 1.85 kg m^-2 (12%) con 1,000 y 6.1 kg·m^-2 (41%) con 5,000 J2/planta. A los 110 ddt se mantuvieron poblaciones de J2 inferiores a 5000/nematodos con los tratamientos (T2 = 1,005 (89.3%), T3 = 3,255 (76%), y T4 = 853 (90.5%)). El rendimiento del cultivo de tomate se incrementó en 29% con la aplicación de P. lilacinus, en 28% con B. subtilis, y 30% con carbofurán respecto al testigo.

The effect of two entomopathogenic agents, nematodes and fungi, was tested at three concentrations and three incubation temperatures in a laboratory against fourth-instar larvae of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). After inoculation by immersion, larvae were statistically more susceptible to Isaria fumosorosea fungus at an incubation temperature of 5°C and to Beauveria bassiana at 25°C. Fungal concentration had no effect on mortality. More larvae were killed by nematodes at warmer temperatures and higher concentrations of either species, Steneirnema feltiae or S. riobrave. Based on preliminary laboratory results, all entomopathogens suppressed plum curculio larvae, even at low concentrations, with 35% killed by fungi and 22% by nematodes. The results are promising for further studies on control of C. nenuphar by biological agents at field conditions.

In a two-choice circular olfactometer, females and females of the small avocado seed borer, Conotrachelus perseae, were attracted to avocado fruit. In addition, male and female weevils were attracted to males, but not to female conspecifics.

Se reportan Jaliscoa (=Catolaccus) hunteri (Crawford), Eurytoma sp., y Eupelmus cushmani (Crawford) parasitando al picudo del chile Anthonomus eugenii Cano. Jaliscoa hunteri fue el parasitoide más abundante. Entre las tres especies presentaron parasitismo muy bajo solo de 3.1%. El parasitismo de A. eugenii fue significativamente menor en Capsicum chinense que C. annuum.

La cría del parasitoide Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) se implementó en 2015 en México. Desde entonces, la cría del parasitoide y su huésped D. suzukii se ha llevado a cabo bajo el enfoque de cría masiva: el equipo y las instalaciones son de uso doméstico, el medio de reproducción tanto para el parasitoide como su huésped es plátano fresco ($0.5 USD/kg), sin agar ni conservadores. Para incrementar la producción de T. drosophilae, se evaluaron cinco variables biológicas relacionadas con el manejo del parasitoide y su huésped. Se encontró una relación óptima entre cada variable evaluada (edad de la pupa, cantidad de pupas disponibles para la oviposición, proporción de machos y hembras, tamaño de los contenedores para el proceso de parasitación, y duración de exposición de las pupas) y la cantidad de parasitoides producidos. La implementación de estos manejos óptimos del parasitoide y su huésped permitió un aumento del 16% en el porcentaje de parasitismo.

El picudo negro Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) es una de las principales plagas de agave en México por los daños directos e indirectos que ocasiona a los cultivos. El insecto entra a la planta para alimentarse u ovipositar ocasionando lesiones en los tejidos y dejándola vulnerable a organismos fitopatógenos. El muestreo de este insecto es complicado, debido a que su ciclo biológico ocurre en el interior de la planta, por lo tanto es necesario monitorear las densidades poblacionales para su control oportuno. Los sistemas de atracción-aniquilación (trampas cebadas con feromonas) han sido una buena opción para esta actividad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar un nuevo diseño de trampa para la captura del picudo negro y comparar la sinergia entre una feromona de agregación con los volátiles del hospedero y el etanol (tres sistemas de atracción-aniquilación). Las trampas fueron cebadas con una feromona sintética que se evaluó en sinergia con tejido de agave fresco (hospedero), tejido de hospedero fermentado con melaza y etanol como sustituto del hospedero. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, a diferencia de las trampas que comúnmente se usan en México, la trampa evaluada no permite el escape de los insectos una vez que han entrado a ésta, siendo altamente eficiente. La sinergia de la feromona con los volátiles del hospedero mejora cuando los tejidos de agave han sido previamente fermentados con melaza de caña, ya que la atracción y captura de S. acupunctatus se incrementó de 350 a 400%. El sistema propuesto es eficiente para atraer y capturar al picudo negro, además, no aumento el número de plantas dañadas durante el periodo del experimento, por lo que es un sistema prometedor, tomando en cuenta que la melaza es un producto de muy bajo costo, así como los insumos utilizados en la elaboración de las trampas.

Se evaluó la capacidad parasítica del nematodo Romanomermis culicivorax sobre larvas del mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus en criaderos artificiales, y su establecimiento para un parasitismo continuo in situ. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de parasitismo de 30.05 a 45.07% e índices de infestación de 0.52 a 1.21 nematodos/larva. Se presentó una relación directamente proporcional de parasitismo e infestación en los seis criaderos artificiales. Se registraron los niveles más altos de parasitismo durante agosto y octubre, y una disminución de diciembre a febrero. Se logró establecer al nematodo R. culicivorax en criaderos artificiales por más de 468 días, logrando reducir significativamente la población de larvas del mosquito y demostrando que esta herramienta es una alternativa de control permanente y temporal de Cx. quinquefasciatus, que no implica costos elevados para la cría masiva y con altos rendimientos de producción, así mismo, inocuo para la fauna acuática asociada y para el hombre.

Eleven entomological variables were correlated with households seropositive (Y = 1) or seronegative (Y = 0) for dengue virus depending on the percentage of seropositive to total participants per household. DENV serotypes were identified in mosquito vectors. Three entomologic (spring, summer, and fall) and two serologic surveys (spring and fall) were done in 77 households at Reynosa, Mexico in 2014. Numbers of water-filled containers, larvae, and pupae were counted per household, and adult Aedes aegypti (L.) were collected with a backpack aspirator after landing on humans. In spring and fall, incidence of IgG and IgM dengue antibodies was determined per household and DENV serotypes in mosquitoes collected indoors. The households were infested with 1,573 female and 1,142 male Ae. aegypti. About 56 and 46% of 322 residents were participants in spring and fall, respectively, resulting in 117 and 95 positive cases for IgG/IgM in 68 and 62% of seropositive households. Recent transmission occurred in 8% of households with three IgM-positive participants and three IgG seroconversions, and all seropositive samples were DENV-2. A multivariate logistic regression indicated host-seeking females were the only explanatory variable linked to 48 seropositive households in fall, with 85% (289) clumped in 24 households. Host-seeking female mosquitoes also were correlated linearly with the number of IgG/IgM cases per household where an increase in 50 mosquitoes matched one IgG/IgM case. DENV-1 was detected in one pool of Ae. aegypti, and in another of Aedes albopictus Skuse. DENV-2 was amplified (10⁷ RNA copies per milliliter) in one pool of 10 male Ae. aegypti, and at 3.40 log 10⁴ in one male Ae. albopictus. DENV-1 and DENV-2 circulating in humans and mosquitoes were determined, with vertical cycles in both species of mosquito vector.

Canine hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan hemoparasites of the genus Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae). We report a clinical case of hepatozoonosis in a domestic Siberian husky dog, Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus). The dog was a male of 2 years remitted to the University Veterinary Hospital because it appeared lame in the hind limbs. During clinical evaluation it presented ataxia, loss of proprioception in both hind limbs, hyperreflexia of the right hind limb, and hyporeflexia of the left hind limb. Intervertebral disc disease was ruled out with radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging. Serological tests for infectious diseases such as ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis (SNAP 4Dx Plus® test, IDEXX Laboratories), and leptospirosis (SNAP® Lepto Test, IDEXX Laboratories) were negative. Four biopsy samples of the biceps femoris muscle were taken. Histopathological diagnosis reported “onion skin” cysts 200 to 300 µm, suggestive of Hepatozoon americanum. Clinical confirmation of Hepatozoon spp. at the border of Mexico with Texas and New Mexico could impact differential diagnosis of neuromuscular disease in the area, especially in dogs where the causes of muscular pain and weakness and lameness are non-diagnostic.

Xylella fastidiosa es una de las enfermedades más importantes a nivel mundial, el manejo de sus vectores es una de las estrategias más viables para su control. La presente investigación se realizó en el Laboratorio de Entomología y Acarología del Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN). Se evaluaron 21 extractos de plantas sobre Cuerna costalis proveniente de muestreos de vid y nogal, estos se multiplicaron sobre frijol bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Para el establecimiento del ensayo se utilizó el método de prueba 005 del IRAC con ligeras modificaciones, en un arreglo completamente al azar con 8 concentraciones y 10 repeticiones evaluando a las 120 h. La mortalidad se corrigió acorde a Abbott (1925) y se realizó un Análisis Probit, asimismo se determinaron los principales compuestos fitoquímicos presentes en los extractos mediante el espectrofotómetro infrarrojo. Los resultados muestran una alta susceptibilidad a los extractos de uña de gato (Mimosa zygophylla), sangre de drago (Jatropha dioica), pimienta negra (Piper nigrum), canela (Cinnamomum verum), y mezquite (Prosopis laevigata) con una CL₅₀ de 1166, 1275, 1433, 1459, y 1478 ppm, respectivamente. Los metabolitos presentes en la mayoría de los extractos eficientes fueron ácido tartárico, 1,8-cineol, eugenol, grupos de saponinas, flavonoides, y compuestos fenólicos.

Despite the importance of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide and multiple records of arthropods in the crop, only the United States, Mexico, and Peru register Lepidoptera from the family Hesperiidae as phytophagous on maize. For this reason, it is important to document for Mexico the presence of Hesperiidae species in maize. The work was done in the State of Oaxaca at the towns of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Santiago Apóstol, Coatecas Altas, and Villa de Zaachila in the Central Valley region; and at La Cofradia and Santa Lucia Miahuatlan in the Sierra Sur region. Maize landrace crops of Bolita, Conical-Chalqueño, Zapalote Chico, and teosinte Zea luxurians (Durieu y Asch.) Bird were sampled. Larvae obtained in the field were fed until becoming adult butterflies. Four species of Hesperiidae were identified: Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards), Lerema accius (J. E. Smith), L. liris Evans, and Naevolus orius Mabille. For the first time, maize landraces were documented as food for larvae of L. liris and N. orius.

Little information is available about the distribution and biology of Falconia poetica Distant, 1884 (Hemiptera: Miridae). A new distribution and the number of nymphal instars of the species are reported. On September 2018, nymphs and adults of an unknown species in the family Miridae were collected on castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) at Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. The specimens were identified as F. poetica. Using lengths of the forefemora and foretibiae and Discriminant Analysis, F. poetica was determined to have five nymphal instars. The study is the second record of F. poetica in Mexico and the first to report the mirid feeding on castor bean.

A new species of whitefly, Aleuropleurocelus pseudogranulata Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores sp. nov., collected from the underside of Cecropia obtusifolia (Bertol.) leaves, at Putla, Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. Microphotographs of morphological structures of the puparia were provided and how it differs from other related species of Aleuropleurocelus was discussed. Aleuropleurocelus ceanothi (Sampson) also was reported from Tecate, Baja California, Mexico, on Ceanothus leucodermis Greene and Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt.

Composition of the subtribe Megalostomina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae: Clytrini) was reviewed, and Coleothorpa Moldenke and Coleorozena Moldenke are recognized as valid genera, rather than as synonyms of Coscinoptera Lacordaire. The leaf beetle Proctophana basalis Lacordaire was recorded for the first time at Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. This extends the known distribution of the species 600 km to the north of the previous northern-most record. Ecological data and environmental characteristics were provided from the habitat where the species was collected.

Se describe y compara el exocorion de tres especies en la tribu Coeini con ejemplares de México: Historis odius dious, Colobura dirce dirce, y Smyrna blomfildia datis. Se caracterizaron los principales rasgos estructurales del exocorion: color, forma, tamaño, ‘ornamentación’, diferenciación micropilar, perimicropilar, y de la zona de transición, así como estructuras ecuatoriales y basales; bajo la técnica de tinción y el empleo del microscopio electrónico de barrido. Se reconocen caracteres microestructurales autapomórficos en el corion de estos géneros (calgarys, filas), así como especializaciones en la base (puentes y domos). Para una comprensión mayor de estas estructuras, se incluyen esquemas y un glosario con los términos adoptados en este trabajo. Se realiza la comparación de nuestros resultados con descripciones publicadas para estas especies, así como con algunas filogenias de la subfamilia Nymphalinae.

Eleven new species of Sciophila Meigen fungus gnats were discovered in mixed pine and hardwood forest in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The current effort (and five species in press elsewhere) presents the only Sciophila species known to the author that were described from Michigan. Sciophila ansluta Taber, Sciophila betula Taber, Sciophila enigma Taber, Sciophila impala Taber, Sciophila michigana Taber, Sciophila paludosa Taber, Sciophila platalea Taber, Sciophila rugosa Taber, Sciophila separata Taber, Sciophila sunda Taber, and Sciophila typha Taber are known from adult males. Adult females and immature forms are unknown.

The first documented record of whitefly, Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, obtained on Syngonium podophyllum Schott (Araceae) in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, is presented.

The coleopteran Stethobaroides nudiventris was found in flowers of the epiphytic orchid Catasetum integerrimum and the ant Paratrechina longicornis in the Trichocentrum cebolleta epiphytic orchid in the field. This is the first report of S. nudiventris at Tamaulipas, expanding its distribution in northeastern Mexico, and is the second record as a visitor to the orchid. This is the first report of P. longicornis in flowers of T. cebolleta. Knowledge of potential orchid pollinators and pests is of utmost importance as a reference for future studies, because the knowledge is scarce in the northern Neotropical zone.

In the present study, tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) is documented as the the full-lifecycle host of the pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii). Physalis ixocarpa fruits were collected close to pepper (Capsicum annum) fields severely infested by A. eugenii, in which insecticide sprays were suspended weeks before tomatillo collection. Evidence that A. eugenii can develop fully inside P. ixocarpa was obtained by observing larvae, pupae, and adults found inside these fruits.

Zaprionus indianus Gupta y Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) son dos especies invasivas de importancia agrícola que causan pérdidas económicas en los cultivos. El objetivo del estudio fue monitorear la actividad estacional de estas dos especies en huertas comerciales de higo durante 2018/2019 en Morelos, México, con la ayuda de trampas cebadas con Suzuki Trap^®. El pico poblacional más alto se observó de octubre hasta mediados de enero en las seis huertas estudiadas. La época de fructificación (agosto-mayo) fue el factor que más influyó en la actividad estacional de Z. indianus y D. suzukii en el campo. La información sobre el momento de mayor ocurrencia de las dos plagas en higo, proporciona la base para la toma de decisiones en relación con el manejo de Z. indianus y D. suzukii en Morelos.

Se registra por primera vez la presencia de Thrips palmi Karny, Frankliniella bruneri Watson, y Frankliniella fortissima Priesner afectando blueberry y zarzamora en Michoacán, México. Las muestras de trips fueron colectadas semanalmente durante marzo y abril de 2019 por rocío de solución jabonosa sobre el follaje. Estas plagas ocasionan daño necrótico sobre las hojas y frutos. Para evitar sus daños, éstas son controladas mediante insecticidas químicos los cuales incrementan los costos de producción, por lo que el presente estudio proporciona información relevante sobre estas especies para un establecimiento de estrategias y programas de gestión integrada.