A new species of Arisaema Mart. (Araceae) is described and illustrated from Wangmo County, Guizhou Province, China. The relationship between A. wangmoense M. T. An, H. H. Zhang & Q. Lin and related taxa is discussed. The new species is distinguished by its obtuse cataphylls, petiolulate leaflets, serrulate or denticulate margins, and stipitate appendix.

A revision of the taxa belonging to the Genista ephedroides group (Fabaceae, Cytiseae) occurring in the Tyrrhenian area is presented. The study, carried out on the basis of the literature, herbarium material, and field and karyological investigations, allows the recognition of 13 taxa. Eight are already known: G. cilentina Vals., G. demarcoi Brullo, Scelsi & Siracusa, G. dorycnifolia Font Quer, G. ephedroides DC., G. gasparrinii (Guss.) C. Presl, G. numidica Spach, G. tyrrhena Vals., and G. valsecchiae Brullo & De Marco, and five are new to science. Genista bocchierii Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella, G. insularis Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella, G. insularis subsp. fodinae Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella, and G. ovina Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella are described from Sardinia, Italy, while G. tyrrhena subsp. pontiana Brullo & De Marco is described from the Pontine Archipelago of Latium, Italy. Karyologically, most of the taxa are characterized by the somatic number 2n = 48 (G. bocchierii, G. cilentina, G. demarcoi, G. dorycnifolia, G. gasparrinii, G. tyrrhena subsp. tyrrhena, G. ephedroides, G. valsecchiae, G. insularis), with accessory chromosomes occasionally yielding higher counts. In addition to 2n = 48, the new report of 2n = 44 is noted for the new species G. ovina. A new count of 2n = 48 is reported for G. tyrrhena subsp. tyrrhena, whereas higher counts (2n = 48 0–2B, 72, 96) are reported for the new subspecies G. tyrrhena subsp. pontiana. For each examined taxon, notes are given on the nomenclature, karyology, ecology, and chorology, while a detailed iconography is lacking only for G. numidica and G. dorycnifolia. An analytical key for the G. ephedroides group is presented. Lectotypes are designated for G. numidica and Spartium gymnopterum Viv.

Anoectochilus tetrapterus Hook. f. (Orchidaceae) is transferred to Odontochilus Blume as O. tetrapterus (Hook. f.) Av. Bhattacharjee & H. J. Chowdhery based on its morphological characteristics. An emended description and illustration are provided to facilitate identification of the species.

A new species of Solanum sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp. (Solanaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, S. sotobosquense Bohs, is described here from Limón, Costa Rica. It is morphologically most similar to S. rovirosanum Donn. Sm., but differs in its short, usually forked inflorescences and long fruiting pedicels. It has been named in honor of one of its collectors, D. Armando Soto, and in reference to its understory habitat. A new combination, Cuatresia cuneata (Standl.) Bohs, is also published here. Although based on the name Lycianthes cuneata Standl., this species has most commonly been considered to belong to the genus Witheringia L'Hér. Morphological and molecular data show that this species is a member of the genus Cuatresia Hunz., not Witheringia.

Se describe aquí una especie nueva de Solanum sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp. (Solanaceae), S. sotobosquense Bohs, de Limón, Costa Rica. Morfológicamente se parece a S. rovirosanum Donn. Sm., pero se diferencia por sus inflorescencias cortas y normalmente bifurcadas, y los pedicelos largos en fructificación. Ha sido nombrada en honor de uno de sus colectores, D. Armando Soto, y en referencia a su hábitat en el sotobosque. También se publica aquí una combinación nueva, Cuatresia cuneata (Standl.) Bohs. Aunque fue basado en el nombre Lycianthes cuneata Standl., ésta especie ha sido considerada comúnmente un miembro del género Witheringia L'Hér. Los datos morfológicos y moleculares muestran que ésta especie pertenece al género Cuatresia Hunz., no a Witheringia.

Capanemia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae) currently includes 17 epiphytic, predominantly Brazilian species. As part of an ongoing revision of this genus, we herein propose new synonyms and typifications for several taxa. After a thorough revision of both herbarium material and many living specimens in cultivation collected in southern and southeastern Brazil, we herein recognize only seven species, six of which are treated here: C. brachycion (Griseb.) Schltr., C. carinata Barb. Rodr., C. gehrtii Hoehne, C. micromera Barb. Rodr., C. superflua (Rchb. f.) Garay, and C. therezae Barb. Rodr; the seventh species, C. adelaidae Porto & Brade, is recognized as valid but not treated here, since no taxonomic or nomenclatural problems were detected regarding this species. New synonymies are proposed: C. ensata Pabst is referred to C. gehrtii; C. angustilabia Schltr., C. australis (Kraenzl.) Schltr., C. lossiana L. Kollmann, C. perpusilla Schltr., C. riograndensis Pabst, and C. spathuliglossa Pabst are referred to C. micromera; and C. fluminensis Pabst is referred to C. therezae. Lectotypes are proposed for C. angustilabia, C. carinata, C. micromera, C. perpusilla, C. spathuliglossa, and C. therezae. A neotype is proposed for C. hatschbachii Schltr.

Salvia aucheri Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a species endemic to Turkey, and the name is lectotypified herein. Two varieties were previously recognized, as S. aucheri var. aucheri and S. aucheri var. canescens Boiss. & Heldr.; the infraspecific taxa are recognized here as subspecies. During revisionary work on Turkish Salvia L., we determined that S. aucheri subsp. canescens (Boiss. & Heldr.) Celep, Kahraman & Doğan differs from subspecies aucheri not only morphologically, but also geographically and phenologically, and both taxa are typically allopatric.

A new species of Hagenbachia Nees & Mart. (Anthericaceae), H. ecuadorensis Cruden, is described from Ecuador. In addition to being geographically isolated from the other broad-leafed species in Hagenbachia, it has longer pedicels, filaments, and anthers, as well as qualitative differences in other traits.

Parodiolyra aratitiyopensis J. R. Grande (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae, Olyrineae) is described and illustrated with material from Cerro Aratitiyope, in the southern part of Amazonas, Venezuela. This new taxon can be distinguished from P. luetzelburgii (Pilg.) Soderstr. & Zuloaga, the most similar species, by its smaller habit, smaller and linear-lanceolate leaf blades with a rounded or truncate base and scabrous margins (vs. fimbriate margins), smaller inflorescences that are scabrous only at the nodes, female spikelets with hairs to 1 mm long through the middle of the glumes, and linear-fusiform male spikelets. A key to differentiate the six species of the genus Parodiolyra Soderstr. & Zuloaga as presently understood is included, and a discussion of their possible relationships based on morphological characters is also offered.

Aegiphila brenesii Hammel (nom. et comb. nov.) is validated to replace Clerodendrum costaricense Standl., the epithet of which is preoccupied in Aegiphila Jacq. (Lamiaceae) by A. costaricensis Moldenke. The species in question has been known until now from only the two rather inadequate collections cited in the protologue. We find that it was misplaced to genus and that recent collections had been overlooked and included in a broad concept of A. quararibeana Rueda, a similar species of lower elevations.

The generic name Darcyanthus Hunz. (Solanaceae) was not validly published. The present paper provides validation both for the generic name and for the single included species, D. spruceanus (Hunz.) Hunz.

Three species of Calathea G. Mey. in Calathea sect. Calathea (Marantaceae) are described as new from montane wet forest habitats in Costa Rica: C. recurvata H. Kenn., C. tarrazuensis H. Kenn., and C. verruculosa H. Kenn. These are found in montane wet, montane rainforest, or cloud forest habitats at mid to higher elevations from 800 to 1500 m. All three taxa are endemic to Costa Rica. Calathea recurvata differs from related distichous-bracted species by the close vein spacing (30 to 35 lateral veins per 3 cm) of the leaf, pale whitish green to yellowish green bracts with recurved apical margins, claviculate bracteoles, yellow or pink corolla lobes, and yellow or pink-purple staminodes. Calathea verruculosa is distinguished by the shiny dark green ovate leaf, verruculose petioles and peduncles, stiff lime-green bracts with apically recurved margins, claviculate bracteoles, and yellow corolla and staminodes. Calathea tarrazuensis is distinguished by the narrowly ovate-elliptic leaf with length:width ratios of 2.13–4.8:1 and an acuminate-attenuate apex, the glabrous pulvinus, relatively long peduncles (44–111 cm), the elliptic olive-green bracts with the uppermost bract incoiled on itself not subtending flowers, the apically flattened, slightly thickened bracteoles, and the cream-white flowers.

Two species of Marantaceae, Calathea matudae H. Kenn. & Ganders from Chiapas, Mexico, to Honduras, and C. sousandradeana H. Kenn. & Ganders from Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico, are described as new for inclusion in Flora Mesoamericana. Calathea matudae differs from C. atropurpurea Matuda in lacking reduced basal inflorescences, the bract acumen that is shorter and acute at the tip, the bracts that consistently dry brown, and the cross veins between the lateral veins of the leaves that are farther apart (15 to 20 per 5 mm vs. 23 to 30 per 5 mm in C. atropurpurea). Calathea sousandradeana differs from C. matudae and C. atropurpurea by the smaller, glabrous bracts with obtuse to rounded margins in the upper ones. A key is provided to the Mexican species in Calathea sect. Breviscapus Benth.

Calathea leonoriae Lascur., H. Oliva & Avendaño (Marantaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Veracruz, Mexico. It is morphologically close to C. ovandensis Matuda, which is only known from Mexico, differing only in plant size and growth habit, as well as in the size and the way in which the inflorescence emerges.

The species Asparagus kansuensis F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex S. C. Chen (Asparagaceae) from China was invalidly published in 1978, because two types were simultaneously indicated. The plant name is validly published here, but otherwise refers to the 1978 diagnosis. Thus, the original ascription to authors is kept.

Two species from China, Berchemia omeiensis W. P. Fang ex Y. L. Chen & P. K. Chou and Rhamnus kwangsiensis Y. L. Chen & P. K. Chou (Rhamnaceae), were published invalidly in 1979 because in each instance two types were simultaneously indicated. Both plant names are validly published here.

Two new Brazilian species of Machaerium Pers. sect. Oblonga (Benth.) Taub. (Leguminosae) are described and illustrated. Machaerium macaense C. V. Mendonça, A. M. G. Azevedo & H. C. Lima is a tree species endemic to the Reserva Ecológica Macaé de Cima, an area of Atlantic forest in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The species is closely similar to M. nyctitans (Vell.) Benth., from which it differs by its smooth bark, smaller leaflets, sunken secondary veins, narrower bracteoles, and smaller standard petal. It is also similar to M. hatschbachii Rudd, from which it differs by bark characters, the bracteoles that are shorter than the calyx, and its inconspicuous stigma. The second new species, M. jobimianum C. V. Mendonça & A. M. G. Azevedo, has a wider distribution than the first, in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and Bahia states, occurring in Atlantic and mesophitic forests or as a pioneer in secondary vegetation. Its habit is a shrub, and it has been confused with M. floridum (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke, from which it differs by its lustrous and glabrous leaflets, ovate bracteoles, and glabrous stamens. The species is also closely similar to M. myrianthum Spruce ex Benth., a vine or shrub from the Amazon Basin, which has wider paniculate inflorescences, a pandurate standard, and a longer stipe.

Five new species of Gentianella Moench (Gentianaceae) are described from western South America. Gentianella decemnectaria J. S. Pringle, from Peru, is characterized by decumbent stems and nearly rotate corollas with 10 nectaries per corolla. Gentianella pluvialis J. S. Pringle, from Bolivia, is similar to G. florida (Griseb.) Holub, differing in its larger flowers with bright yellow corollas. Gentianella pyrostelium J. S. Pringle, from Peru, is characterized by its columnar habit and red and yellow, scarcely opening corollas. Gentianella rugicalyx J. S. Pringle, from Peru, differs from G. paludicola (Gilg) J. S. Pringle in its wider, abruptly acute calyx lobes and corolla tube that widens more gradually, and from G. persquarrosa (Reimers) J. S. Pringle in its leafier stems and glabrous corollas. Gentianella sanchezii J. S. Pringle, from Peru, is characterized by slender, clustered stems arising from a persistent rosette, pedicels mostly longer than the internodes, and widely funnelform, purplish pink corollas.

A new fern genus, Himalayopteris W. Shao & S. G. Lu (Polypodiaceae, Polypodioideae), is described and established based on the new combination H. erythrocarpa (Mett. ex Kuhn) W. Shao & S. G. Lu, for its only known species distributed in northern India, Sikkim, and the adjacent Himalayas. Evidence for its generic separation lies in its venation pattern, scale characteristics, leaf epidermis, sporangia, spore ornamentation, and chromosome number. Assessment of its IUCN conservation status with georeferenced localities places the new genus in the Vulnerable category.

Species of Hoffmannia Sw. (Rubiaceae, Hamelieae) are concentrated in premontane and montane areas of Central America and southern Mexico and are notably variable morphologically, but are here treated as less variable than some previous authors have concluded. In particular, corolla shape and color and fruit shape are here considered species-level characteristics, and leaf shape and inflorescence size and position are considered less variable than previously posited. Fourteen species new to science have been discovered by recent exploration in Central and South America and are described here. One group of species includes Hoffmannia plants from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and northwestern Colombia with paired ant vesicles (i.e., formicaria) at the base of each leaf blade. These plants have recently been all included in one species, H. vesiculifera Standl., but two other previously described species are recognized here, H. morii Dwyer and H. kirkbridei Dwyer, along with five newly described species and all the Hoffmannia species with ant vesicles are keyed here. The newly described Hoffmannia species with ant vesicles on their leaves are: H. formicaria C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica and western Panama, which differs from H. morii by its pedunculate inflorescences, pedicellate flowers, and white, greenish yellow, or pink corollas; H. limonensis C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica and western Panama, which differs from H. vesiculifera by its corollas with the acute to acuminate lobes longer than the tube; H. pseudovesiculifera C. M. Taylor of western Panama, which differs from H. vesiculifera by its scorpioid inflorescences and corollas with the lobes longer than the tube and in general unusually long within the genus; H. subcapitata C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica, which differs from H. kirkbridei by its shorter petioles, subcapitate pedunculate inflorescences, and longer broader calyx lobes; and H. veraguensis C. M. Taylor of western Panama, which differs from H. formicaria by its shorter calyx lobes and smaller corollas. The remaining Hoffmannia species newly described here lack ant vesicles on the leaves: H. barbillana C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica differs from H. longipetiolata Pol. in its sessile leaves that are rounded at the base and its epiphytic habit; H. boliviana C. M. Taylor of Bolivia and Peru differs from H. obovata (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl., H. latifolia (Bartl. ex DC.) Kuntze, and H. pearcei Rusby in its longer petioles, broader leaves, and smaller flowers; H. coriacea C. M. Taylor of central Peru is distinguished within Hoffmannia by its narrow leathery leaves and corolla with the tube longer than the lobes; H. costaricensis C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica differs from H. valerioi Standl. in its shorter calyx lobes and oblanceolate leaves; H. micrantha C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica differs from H. hammelii C. M. Taylor by its orange, brown, or purple corollas that are acute in bud; H. pacifica C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica is distinguished from H. hammelii by its subsessile leaves that are rounded to cordulate at the base; H. rivalis C. M. Taylor of lowland Peru is distinguished by its rheophytic habit, densely pubescent stems, narrow leaves, and small flowers; H. tilaranensis C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica differs from H. nicotianifolia (M. Martens & Galeotti) L. O. Williams in its larger red to purple flowers and larger leaves; and H. turrialbana C. M. Taylor of Costa Rica is distinguished from H. pittieri Standl. by its subsessile leaves that are truncate to cordulate at the base and have numerous secondary veins plus its few-flowered racemiform inflorescences.

The Neotropical genus Posoqueria Aubl. (Rubiaceae) has a number of species with an asymmetric androecium and pollen catapult mechanism and others that apparently lack these features. A new taxonomy based on corolla form and size, the length and symmetry of the filaments, and fruit morphology finds the name P. panamensis (Walp. & Duchass.) Walp. to be a synonym of P. latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. and distinguishes additional species in southern Central America and northwestern South America, newly described here: P. chocoana C. M. Taylor of wet lowland Panama to northwestern Ecuador has medium-sized corollas, subglobose fruits, corolla lobes of unequal size, and a generally symmetric androecium that apparently lacks the pollen catapult mechanism; P. correana C. M. Taylor of lowland and premontane Panama has medium-sized corollas, leaf blades that are sharply acute at the apex and densely velutinous abaxially, slightly unequal corolla lobes, and a generally symmetric androecium that apparently lacks the pollen catapult mechanism; P. costaricensis C. M. Taylor, found in premontane forests in Costa Rica and Panama, has relatively short corollas (for Posoqueria) and a generally symmetric androecium that apparently lacks the pollen catapult mechanism; P. grandifructa Hammel & C. M. Taylor of lowland Nicaragua and Costa Rica has medium-sized corollas, relatively large, ellipsoid, rough-surfaced, thick-walled fruits, and a generally symmetric androecium that apparently lacks the pollen catapult mechanism; P. longifilamentosa C. M. Taylor of lowland northwestern Ecuador has relatively long corollas and an asymmetric androecium with a pollen catapult mechanism, relatively long unequal filaments, and relatively large anthers; and P. robusta Hammel & C. M. Taylor of lowland Nicaragua and Costa Rica has leathery leaves, relatively long corollas with unequal lobes, subglobose leathery fruits, and a symmetric androecium that apparently lacks the pollen catapult mechanism.

The Neotropical genus Borojoa Cuatrec. (Rubiaceae) is now considered a synonym of Alibertia A. Rich. ex DC. Consequently, three species named in Borojoa and found in Costa Rica and Panama are transferred to Alibertia with these corresponding nomenclatural changes: the new combination A. atlantica (Dwyer) Delprete & C. H. Perss. is based on B. atlantica Dwyer, the new name A. dwyeri Delprete & C. H. Perss. is provided for B. panamensis Dwyer, and the new combination A. patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C. H. Perss. is provided for B. patinoi Cuatrec. Additionally, the species A. premontana C. M. Taylor is reduced to a variety of A. edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC., as A. edulis var. premontana (C. M. Taylor) Delprete & C. H. Perss. A lectotype is selected for A. edulis. The recent publication of Arachnothryx chimalaparum Lorence ex Borhidi designated a holotype deposited at MO, but no such specimen has been located; a lectotype is here chosen based on a duplicate of the holotype deposited at MEXU. The new species Notopleura recondita Hammel & C. M. Taylor of the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica can be distinguished from N. polyphlebia (Donn. Sm.) C. M. Taylor by its leaf blades with the secondary veins plane on the adaxial surface and its short cymose or paniculiform inflorescences. The new species Palicourea matamana C. M. Taylor of premontane forests of central-eastern Costa Rica can be separated from P. orosiana C. M. Taylor by its larger stipules, longer calyx lobes, and hirsute pubescence. The new species P. providenciana J. Sánchez-Gonz. & C. M. Taylor of montane forests in south-central Costa Rica can be separated from P. hammelii C. M. Taylor by its longer lanceolate stipule lobes, dark purple or yellow-flushed inflorescences, and shorter calyx lobes. The Panamanian plants treated previously as Psychotria acuminata subsp. boraginoides Dwyer are here considered to differ at the species level from P. acuminata Benth., and accordingly the new combination P. boraginoides (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is here published for this species. Clarification of the identity of Cephaelis croatii Dwyer shows that it is a distinct species of Psychotria, and the new combination P. croatii (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is published here for this species. The new species P. herrerana C. M. Taylor of central Costa Rica can be recognized by its combination of large, sessile, elliptic leaves, its large paniculiform inflorescences, and its relatively small corollas. Study of the Costa Rican plants previously called Rudgea thyrsiflora Donn. Sm. shows that these do not have the characters of Rudgea, but are similar to Psychotria racemosa Rich. and better included in this latter genus; the new name P. tsakiana C. M. Taylor is here published for this species. The new combination Simira panamensis (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is published here based on the name Bathysa panamensis Dwyer, which has priority over the name S. darienensis Dwyer; both of the names Dwyer published are based on the same type specimen, thus the later name S. darienensis is illegitimate.

Arundinella kerrii Teerawat. & Sungkaew and Dimeria kerrii Teerawat. & Sungkaew (Poaceae, Panicoideae) are validly published for the first time. Species descriptions and illustrations are provided for both taxa known only from collections from Thailand.

Sciaphila jianfenglingensis Han Xu, Y. D. Li & H. Q. Chen (Triuridaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species endemic to Hainan Island, China. It differs from the closely related S. arfakiana Becc. by its longer leaves to ca. 2 mm (vs. ca. 1 mm in S. arfakiana), shorter fruiting pedicels 3–6 mm (vs. typically 7–9 mm), three stamens (vs. two or three), 2-celled anthers (vs. 4-celled), and a filiform style (vs. awl-shaped) that far exceeds the ovary.