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5 September 2023 Species-specific ecological traits, phylogeny, and geography underpin vulnerability to population declines for North American birds
Henry C. Stevens, Adam C. Smith, Evan R. Buechley, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Vaughn Shirey, Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Frank A. La Sorte, Douglas Tallamy, Peter P. Marra
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Species declines and extinctions characterize the Anthropocene. Determining species vulnerability to decline, and where and how to mitigate threats, are paramount for effective conservation. We hypothesized that species with shared ecological traits also share threats, and therefore may experience similar population trends. Here, we used a Bayesian modeling framework to test whether phylogeny, geography, and 22 ecological traits predict regional population trends for 380 North American bird species. Groups like blackbirds, warblers, and shorebirds, as well as species occupying Bird Conservation Regions at more extreme latitudes in North America, exhibited negative population trends; whereas groups such as ducks, raptors, and waders, as well as species occupying more inland Bird Conservation Regions, exhibited positive trends. Specifically, we found that in addition to phylogeny and breeding geography, multiple ecological traits contributed to explaining variation in regional population trends for North American birds. Furthermore, we found that regional trends and the relative effects of migration distance, phylogeny, and geography differ between shorebirds, songbirds, and waterbirds. Our work provides evidence that multiple ecological traits correlate with North American bird population trends, but that the individual effects of these ecological traits in predicting population trends often vary between different groups of birds. Moreover, our results reinforce the notion that variation in avian population trends is controlled by more than phylogeny and geography, where closely related species within one region can show unique population trends due to differences in their ecological traits. We recommend that regional conservation plans, i.e. one-size-fits-all plans, be implemented only for bird groups with population trends under strong phylogenetic or geographic controls. We underscore the need to develop species-specific research and management strategies for other groups, like songbirds, that exhibit high variation in their population trends and are influenced by multiple ecological traits.

LAY SUMMARY

  • A common hypothesis for explaining variation in avian population trends is that species which share traits also share similar population trajectories.

  • We sought to test this hypothesis by analyzing how breeding population trends for 380 North American bird species related to traits describing a species' life history or ecological niche at any stage of their annual life cycle.

  • Our analysis revealed that not only phylogeny and geography, but multiple ecological traits, and particularly migration distance, contributed to explaining variation in bird population trends. While groups like songbirds exhibited high interspecific variation in population trends, other groups like ducks exhibited similar population trends.

  • Order-specific analyses highlighted the relative effects of ecological traits, phylogeny, and geography on influencing trends, with geography having a strong effect on shorebirds while songbirds appeared to be most impacted by increasing migration distance.

  • We found that (1) average regional population trends were most negative for blackbirds, sparrows, warblers, and shorebirds, and most positive for ducks, raptors, and waders, and (2) average regional population trends were more negative in Bird Conservation Regions at more extreme latitudes in North America.

  • Our results emphasize the need for species-specific research and management strategies to recover North American bird populations.

Las disminuciones y extinciones de especies caracterizan el Antropoceno. Determinar la vulnerabilidad de las especies a las disminuciones y dónde y cómo mitigar las amenazas es fundamental para conservar especies eficientemente. Una hipótesis para identificar las causas de las disminuciones es que las especies con características ecológicas compartidas también comparten amenazas y, por lo tanto, experimentan tendencias de población similares. Aquí, usamos un marco de modelo bayesiano para probar si la filogenia, la geografía, y 22 rasgos ecológicos predicen las tendencias regionales de población para 380 especies de aves norteamericanas. Descubrimos que, además de la filogenia y la geografía, la dependencia de los insectos, la distancia de migración, el tamaño de la población, la masa corporal, la amplitud de hábitats ocupadas, la amplitud de la dieta, el tamaño de la nidada, el periodo de la incubación, el periodo del polluelo, y el nivel del forraje contribuyeron a explicar la variación en las tendencias regionales de población de las aves norteamericanas. Además, encontramos que las tendencias regionales y los efectos relativos de la dependencia de los insectos, la filogenia, y la geografía son diferentes en respeto a los principales grupos de aves. Las tendencias regionales de población variaron con grupos filogenéticos y regiones geográficas. Especies principalmente de las familias Icteridae, Parulidae, y Charadriidae, además de especies ocupando regiones de latitudes extremas en Norteamérica demostraron tendencias de población negativas, mientras que especies de patos y rapaces, además de especies ocupando regiones del interior de Norteamérica demostraron tendencias de población positivas. Nuestro trabajo ofrece evidencia de que varios rasgos ecológicos se correlacionan con las tendencias de la población de aves norteamericanas, pero también que los efectos individuos de cada rasgo en predecir las tendencias poblaciones faltan de poder. Además, nuestros resultados refuerzan la noción de que la variación en las tendencias de la población de aves está controlada por algo más que la filogenia y las regiones biogeográficas, donde las especies relacionadas dentro de una región pueden sufrir tendencias de población diferentes debido a las diferencias en sus características ecológicas. Recomendamos expandir las estrategias de conservación actuales para incluir más énfasis en la protección de especies específicas.

Henry C. Stevens, Adam C. Smith, Evan R. Buechley, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Vaughn Shirey, Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Frank A. La Sorte, Douglas Tallamy, and Peter P. Marra "Species-specific ecological traits, phylogeny, and geography underpin vulnerability to population declines for North American birds," Ornithological Applications 126(1), 1-17, (5 September 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad046
Received: 22 January 2023; Accepted: 20 August 2023; Published: 5 September 2023
KEYWORDS
América del Norte
Bayesian modeling
Bird Conservation Region
Bird Conservation Region
Breeding Bird Survey
Breeding Bird Survey
ecological traits
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