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15 November 2023 Characterizing juvenile dispersal dynamics of invasive Barred Owls: Implications for management
Whitney A. Watson, Daniel F. Hofstadter, Gavin M. Jones, H. Anu Kramer, Nicholas F. Kryshak, Ceeanna J. Zulla, Sheila A. Whitmore, Virginia O'Rourke, John J. Keane, R. J. Gutiérrez, M. Zachariah Peery
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Abstract

Characterizing natal dispersal can help manage the spread of invasive species expanding their ranges in response to land use and climate change. The Barred Owl (Strix varia) is a prominent example of an apex predator undergoing a rapid range expansion, having spread from eastern to western North America where it is now hyperabundant—threatening the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) with extinction and potentially endangering many other native species. We attached satellite tags to 31 Barred Owl juveniles at the southern leading edge of the Barred Owl's expanding range in California to characterize natal dispersal patterns and inform management. Juveniles traveled up to 100 km from natal territories and experienced high mortality (annual survival = 0.204). At landscape scales, juveniles preferentially used forests, shrublands, and lower elevations during dispersal and avoided grasslands and burned areas. At finer scales, juveniles preferred shorter (younger) forests, lower elevations, and drainages, and avoided unforested areas. Our results suggest that the Barred Owl range expansion is being driven primarily by high reproductive rates and densities despite low juvenile survival rates and dispersal through putatively suboptimal younger forests as a result of exclusion from high-quality habitat by territorial individuals. These findings also point to several strategies for conserving Spotted Owls and other native species in the Barred Owl's expanded range, including: (1) creating and maintaining Barred Owl-free reserves bounded by open or high elevation areas, (2) creating reserves large enough to reduce immigration by long-distance dispersers, and (3) removing Barred Owls from large riparian corridors.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Juvenile movement is a major driver of range expansion in wildlife species.

  • Barred Owl range expansion into North America has negatively affected native species like the Spotted Owl.

  • We tracked juvenile Barred Owls in coastal California with satellite GPS tags.

  • Juveniles showed long dispersal (up to 100 km) and low annual survival (0.2).

  • Juveniles selected young forest and riparian areas, avoiding grass and burned areas.

  • Barred Owl invasion was likely facilitated by many offspring and long-distance juvenile dispersal.

  • Large open areas and removal in riparian corridors may limit Barred Owl spread and facilitate Spotted Owl conservation.

Caracterizar la dispersión natal puede ayudar a gestionar la propagación de especies invasoras que expanden sus rangos en respuesta al uso del suelo y al cambio climático. Strix varia es un ejemplo destacado de un depredador tope que experimenta una rápida expansión de su rango, habiéndose extendido del este al oeste de América del Norte, donde ahora es híper abundante, amenazando de extinción a S. occidentalis caurina y potencialmente poniendo en peligro muchas otras especies nativas. Colocamos marcadores satelitales a 31 juveniles de S. varia en el extremo sur del rango en expansión en California de S. varia para caracterizar los patrones de dispersión natal e informar sobre la gestión. Los juveniles viajaron hasta 100 km desde sus territorios natales y experimentaron una alta mortalidad (supervivencia anual = 0.204). A las escalas de paisaje, los juveniles utilizaron preferentemente bosques, matorrales y elevaciones más bajas durante la dispersión, evitando áreas de pastizales y quemadas. A escalas más finas, los juveniles prefirieron bosques más bajos (más jóvenes), elevaciones más bajas y drenajes, y evitaron áreas sin bosque. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la expansión del rango de S. varia está siendo impulsada principalmente por altas tasas de reproducción y densidades elevadas, a pesar de las bajas tasas de supervivencia juvenil y la dispersión a través de bosques más jóvenes aparentemente sub-óptimos, como resultado de la exclusión de hábitats de alta calidad por parte de individuos territoriales. Estos hallazgos también señalan varias estrategias para conservar a S. occidentalis caurina y otras especies nativas en el área de expansión de S. varia, incluyendo: (1) crear y mantener reservas libres de S. varia delimitadas por áreas abiertas o de alta elevación; (2) crear reservas lo suficientemente grandes como para reducir la inmigración de dispersores de larga distancia; y (3) remover a los individuos de S. varia de grandes corredores ribereños.

Whitney A. Watson, Daniel F. Hofstadter, Gavin M. Jones, H. Anu Kramer, Nicholas F. Kryshak, Ceeanna J. Zulla, Sheila A. Whitmore, Virginia O'Rourke, John J. Keane, R. J. Gutiérrez, and M. Zachariah Peery "Characterizing juvenile dispersal dynamics of invasive Barred Owls: Implications for management," Ornithological Applications 126(1), 1-13, (15 November 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad061
Received: 26 April 2023; Accepted: 11 October 2023; Published: 15 November 2023
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KEYWORDS
Barred Owl
bosque de secuoyas
dispersión juvenil
invasive
Invasivo
invasor nativo
juvenile dispersal
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