The new genera and species Meropalionellus solacium, n. gen., n. sp., from Bolivia and Zettelniella indelebilis, n. gen., n. sp., from Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru are described, illustrated, and included in the tribe Meropachyini (Coreidae).

Among the insects reported by Copeland (1989) breeding in the waters retained by treeholes in Indiana was a scuttle fly identified by W. H. Robinson as Megaselia scalaris (Loew). It is here reported that in fact this fly, along with fresh material from Illinois and Missouri, is M. imitatrix Borgmeier, whose type series was from Puerto Rico. An aquatic species reported from Texas is recognized as a sibling species of M. imitatrix and is named M. hansonix Disney, sp. nov. A single female from Brazil represents a third species of this complex, thus raising doubts about the identity of specimens from Brazil attributed to M. imitatrix by Benton and Claugher (2000).

Anelpistina levidensis n. sp. (Insecta: Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) from the cave of Naj Tunich, Petén, Guatemala is described. The new troglobitic species differs from other described species by its long and slim appendages.

Two new species of rhopalopsyllid fleas: Ectinorus lareschiae, n. sp. and Ectinorus morenoi, n. sp. are described from Laguna Blanca National Park, Neuquén Province, Argentina. Ectinorus lareschiae was collected from the sigmodontid rodents Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse) and Reithrodon auritus (Fischer), while E. morenoi was also collected from P. xanthopygus in addition to the sigmodontid rodent Abrothrix longipilis (Waterhouse) and the didelphid marsupial Thylamys pallidior (Thomas). The female sex of E. lareschiae is unknown. During these studies, it was noted that Beaucournu and Gonzalez (2005) did not include Ectinorus alejoi Hastriter, 2002 (in Hastriter et al. 2002) in their diagnosis of Ectinorus lagidium. A diagnostic character is therefore provided to distinguish males of E. alejoi from males of E. lagidium. A listing of all known species of Ectinorus is included to facilitate future work.

Nycteridopsylla iae Beaucournu and Kock, 1992 and Nycteridopsylla quadrispina Lu and Wu, 2003 have heretofore been known only by the male and female sexes, respectively. The morphological differences in these two species are striking; however, a recent collection of male N. iae and female N. quadrispina from a single host individual of the Great Evening Bat (I. io Thomas), led us to suspect that N. iae and N. quadrispina represented the same species. Morphological similarities were noted and male and female exemplars were sequenced using five genes (18S, 28S, 16S, 12S, and COII). Across the five sequenced genes from both specimens (male and female), sequence identity was 100%. Considering morphological characteristics and DNA analysis, N. quadrispina is indisputably a junior synonym of N. iae. Myanmar is a new country record for N. iae, Harpiocephalus harpia (Temminck) is a new host record for N. iae and the preferred host is the Great Evening Bat, I. io.

The new eccritotarsine plant bug Pycnoderiella insularis, n. sp., is described from Cuba and Jamaica and compared with the type species of Pycnoderiella Henry, P. virginiana Henry, known from only a restricted coastal area of Virginia, in the eastern United States. Color dorsal and lateral adult images, illustrations of male genitalia, and a key are provided to facilitate recognition. The relationship of Pycnoderiella with other New World eccritotarsine Bryocorinae is discussed.

The predatory true bug Anthocoris confusus Reuter is native to Europe and Asia. Scattered records for this species in North America date from 1929. In 2007–2008, we collected adults and nymphs of A. confusus from deciduous trees in western Washington State. This is the second North American record for A. confusus from west of the Rocky Mountains, and is the first record from the western United States. Specimens were collected from European beech (Fagus sylvatica; Fagaceae) and linden (Tilia sp.; Tiliaceae). The linden trees were heavily infested with the aphid Eucallipterus tiliae. The presence of adult and immature bugs, and the occurrence of the species at the collecting site in consecutive years, suggests that A. confusus is established at this location. We summarize North American records for A. confusus, briefly discuss host plant records, and list traits used to separate A. confusus from other Anthocoris spp. Additional predatory Heteroptera collected from linden and European beech included three other Old World species, Anthocoris nemoralis (Anthocoridae), Campyloneura virgula (Miridae), and Orthotylus nassatus (Miridae), as well as one native species, Deraeocoris fasciolus (Miridae); the record for O. nassatus is the first for this species from western North America.

One species of Macrosiphum Passerini is described from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Macrosiphum dicentrae n. sp. lives on Dicentra formosa, Corydalis aurea, and Corydalis scouleri (Fumariaceae) without host alternation. The identity and biology of Macrosiphum corydalis (Oestlund) n. comb. is clarified. The relationship of these species to other Macrosiphum in North America is discussed.

The internal female reproductive tract of Risa is characterized by a pair of short spermathecal ducts with no spermathecae, paired short accessory glands, and a large thimble-shaped strongly sclerotized ventral receptacle. This condition is identical with that in the ground plan of Ephydridae but differs from that of their next relatives, i.e., Camillidae and Diastatidae, regarding the shape of the ventral receptacle. It therefore corroborates the close relationship of Risa with Ephydridae either as its sister taxon or within that family.

Chaenusa aurantium Kula and Martinez, new species and Chaenusa steineri Kula, new species, both from the Neotropical Region, are described. The former species was reared from an undescribed species of Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Ephydridae) in Argentina under evaluation for control of Egeria densa (Planch.) (Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae), Brazilian waterweed, in the United States. Chaenusa pallidinervis (Brèthes), also from the Neotropical Region, is redescribed. New distribution records are reported for Chaenusa americana (Riegel), Chaenusa bergi (Riegel), Chaenusa quadriceps (Ashmead), Chaenusa trumani Kula, Chaenusa whartoni Kula, and Chaenusa woolleyi Kula from the Nearctic Region, as well as Chaenusa ireneae Kula from the Neotropical Region. These data supplement a recently published revision of New World Chaenusa Haliday sensu lato.

Deciplatus , a new genus of Monoplatina with two new species (D. jundiaiensis and D. nigritus), from the south of Brazil is described and illustrated. Deciplatus is compared to Ulrica Scherer and Laselva Furth. Use of the name Monoplatina is clarified.

The recent North American sphaeropsocid fauna consists of six species. Four of them are new and are described here. Two new genera are erected for accommodation of three of the new species. These are Prosphaeropsocus n. gen. for Prosphaeropsocus pallidus n. sp. (type species) and Prosphaeropsocus californicus n. sp., both from central-western California, and Troglosphaeropsocus n. gen. for Troglosphaeropsocus voylesi n. sp., from a cave in northern Arizona. Sphaeropsocopsis castanea n. sp. is described from northeastern Mexico. Descriptive notes are included on Sphaeropsocopsis argentina (Badonnel) based on the only known whole adult of that species. Sphaeropsocopsis Badonnel was originally based on forms with reduced venation in the forewing, but since the wings are not known for several included species, this genus is regarded here as a holding genus for species with reduced venation or wings not known and with otherwise no important departures from the type species of that genus. A key to the known species of Sphaeropsocopsis is included. New Alaskan records are given for Badonnelia titei Pearman. An evaluation of genitalic characters of both sexes and a brief discussion of phylogeny and biogeography are included.

Based on morphological analysis, the species Dargida procinctus (Grote), currently considered to be widespread from Canada to Bolivia, is found to include three previously unrecognized species: Dargida spinicassida, n. sp., from northern Mexico; Dargida juxta, n. sp., from southern Mexico and Costa Rica; and Dargida lilium, n. sp., from Bolivia. Adults and male and female genitalia of all four species are illustrated. Dargida grammivora Walker and Dargida meridionalis (Hampson) are closely related species that could be confused with those of the Dargida procinctus complex. Adults and male and female genitalia of these are illustrated for comparison. A key is provided for differentiation of these six closely related species.

Three transects were monitored to determine frequencies of behaviors of Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill) (MacNeill's sootywing) at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge from spring through fall 2006. Based on 1,620 observations, sootywings were observed most frequently flying in Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. shrubs (largely mate searching by males), followed by dispersing, chasing or being chased, landing on flowers, basking (with wings open), perching (with wings closed), and ovipositing. Most sootywing behaviors correlated slightly better with sun position than with temperature, while landing on flowers and perching with wings closed correlated best with sun height. Sootywings were observed flying closer to the ground in A. lentiformis shrubs as the day progressed. They were observed feeding on the nectar of inflorescences of six plant species in six families, which changed through the season.

Adult specimens of Mantispidae were recorded from the insect collections at UNAM's (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Chamela and Los Tuxtlas biological stations, in Jalisco and Veracruz states, respectively. The insect collection at Chamela had representatives of Plega dactylota Rehn, Nolima victor Navás, Climaciella brunnea (Say), Dicromantispa interrupta (Say), Dicromantispa sayi (Banks), and Zeugomantispa minuta (F.), morphospecies Plega sp. 1 and the unassignable Plega sp. In Los Tuxtlas, there were representatives of Climaciella brunnea (Say), Leptomantispa pulchella (Banks), Zeugomantispa compellens (Walker), Zeugomantispa minuta (F.), Zeugomantispa virescens (Rambur), and the morphospecies Trichoscelia sp. 2. Dicromantispa sayi (Banks) and Nolima victor Navás are herein recorded for the first time from Jalisco state. Of the nine named species recorded, six are shared between both states.

A surveillance program to collect and identify species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) was carried out in Catalonia (NE Spain) from 2003–2007, within the frame of a wider program against bluetongue disease (which is transmitted by species of Culicoides). Surveillance results are presented because of their faunistic relevance. Two species previously known from Portugal are new to Spain, Culicoides derisor Callot and Kremer and Culicoides furcillatus Callot, Kremer and Paradis, bringing the total species of Culicoides now known from Spain to 68. An additional 12 species are also newly recorded from Catalonia, updating the total of Culicoides species known from this Spanish autonomous region to 40. An updated checklist of the species of this genus known to occur in Catalonia is presented, as are distribution maps in Spain for the 14 species dealt with here. The biology and veterinary importance of these species are also discussed.

New state records are presented for 27 species of North American treehoppers (Membracidae) as follows: Delaware (21 spp.), Maryland (3), Mississippi (1), Pennsylvania (2), and West Virginia (1).

The phyline plant bug Keltonia robusta Henry previously has been known only from the Florida Panhandle where it is found on the woody mint Conradina canescens Gray (Lamiaceae). New records of the mirid are given from xeric sand communities of peninsular Florida and southeastern Georgia. A new host plant is scarlet basil, Clinopodium coccineum (Nutt. ex Hook.) Kuntze; Lamiaceae), a woody mint on which the bug develops in Georgia. Conradina canescens is the host in the Lake Wales Ridge of the Florida peninsula. Overwintered eggs hatch as early as late March in Georgia, and nymphs apparently feed on the new shoots. First-generation adults appear about mid-May. Reproduction in this multivoltine bug occurs throughout spring and summer, with late instars sometimes found as late as early November and adults persisting until mid-November.

This paper, treating the tortricid subfamily Chlidanotinae (comprised of Chlidanotini, Hilarographini, and Polyorthini), represents the first in a proposed three-part series examining variation in the number of bristles in the frenulum of female tortricid moths. Based on an examination of 86 described species and 11 undescribed species representing 31 genera of Chlidanotinae, the vast majority of females of Chlidanotini and Hilarographini have a two-bristled frenulum, whereas a three-bristled frenulum is the more common state in Polyorthini. When the character states are mapped on a composite, schematic phylogeny of the subfamily, the change from three to two bristles appears to have evolved once at the base of the Chlidanotini Hilarographini clade and twice within Polyorthini. The consistency of this character within Chlidanotini and Hilarographini provides further evidence for the exclusion of Mictocommosis Diakonoff, Mictopsichia Hübner, and Tortrimosaica Brown and Baixeras from Hilarographini. The distribution of the two-bristled frenulum in Polyorthini appears to support one major clade identified by Razowski (i.e., Ardeutica Meyrick, Polyortha Dognin, Pseudatteria Walsingham, Polythora Razowski), plus one outlier, Cnephasitis Razowski. In the monotypic Olindia schumacherana (Fabricius), five of 18 representatives examined had two bristles, whereas the remainder had three. Minor deviations from this pattern appear to represent intraspecific variation. Preliminary investigations of the character in other tortricid subfamilies suggest a high degree of variation within tribes, genera, and species, with asymmetry common in many individuals. In contrast to the situation in most tortricid taxa, we conclude that variation in the number of bristles in the frenulum is phylogenetically informative in Chlidanotinae.